Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Originalia

Cowboy und Prinzessin seit Adam und Eva

Geschlechtsstereotype Unterhaltungspräferenzen von Vorschulkindern

Published Online:September 01, 2006https://doi.org/10.1026/1617-6383.16.2.68

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Um die Präferenzen bei Unterhaltungsangeboten untersuchen zu können, wurden vier- bis sechsjährigen Vorschulkindern Videocover als Abbildungen zur konkreten Auswahl vorgelegt. Diese Abbildungen wurden in zwei Feldstudien in Kindergärten systematisch variiert, so dass die Kinder entweder zwischen einem aggressiven und einem friedvollen Thema oder aber einer männlichen und einer weiblichen Hauptfigur aussuchen konnten. So konnte der Einfluss von Geschlecht und Altersstufe auf die Präferenz gewalthaltiger Inhalte beziehungsweise gleichgeschlechtlicher Medienfiguren analysiert werden. Jungen bevorzugten im Vergleich zu den Mädchen deutlich die aggressiven Inhalte und zeigten überdies ein höheres Maß geschlechtsstereotyper Präferenzen. Mädchen und Jungen favorisierten - gleichermaßen - Medienfiguren des eigenen Geschlechts. Das Alter der Kinder hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Unterhaltungsselektion.


Cowboy and princess since Adam and Eve. Gender-stereotypical entertainment preferences of preschoolers

Abstract. To examine entertainment preferences, images of video covers were presented to preschoolers (four to six years old) so that they coubl pick movies they wanted to watch. In two field studies in day-care institutions, these covers were systematically varied to ensure that children either chose between an aggressive vs. a peaceful content or between male vs. female protagonists. Thereby, the impact of gender and age on the choice of violent topics and the characters’ gender, respectively, was ascertained. Boys favored violent entertainment compared to girls, and their stereotypical preference was also more consistent. Both girls and boys preferred - to the same extent - characters of their own gender. Age had no impact on entertainment selections.

Literatur

  • Anderson, D. R., Huston, A. C., Schmitt, K., Linebarger, D. L., Wright, J. C. (2001). Childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: The recontact study (Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 66 (1)). Boston, MA: Blackwell Google Scholar

  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265– 299 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Barner, M. R. (1999). Sex-role stereotyping in FCC-mandated children’s educational television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(4), 551– 564 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Beal, C. (1994). Boys and girls: The development of gender roles . New York: McGraw-Hill Google Scholar

  • Bussey, K., Bandura, A. (1984). Influence of gender constancy and social power on sex-linked modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1292– 1302 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Cantor, J., Nathanson, A. L. (1997). Predictors of children’s interest in violent television programs. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41(2), 155– 167 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Charlton, M., Neumann, K. (1990). Medienrezeption und Identitätsbildung: Kulturpsychologische und kultursoziologische Befunde zum Gebrauch von Massenmedien im Vorschulalter . Tübingen: Narr Google Scholar

  • Chen, L., Zillmann, D. (2002). Gender, age and personal trait in the appeal of violent versus non-violent videos: A China study . Unpublished manuscript, submitted to the Instructional & Developmental Communication Division of the International Communication Association for the 53rd Annual Conference in San Diego, May 2003 Google Scholar

  • Collins-Standley, T., Gan, S., Yu, H. J., Zillmann, D. (1996). Choice of romantic, violent, and scary fairy-tale books by preschool girls and boys. Child Study Journal, 26(4), 279– 301 Google Scholar

  • Czaja, D. (Hrsg.) (1997). Kinder brauchen Helden. Power Rangers & Co. unter der Lupe . München: KoPäd Google Scholar

  • Durkin, K., Nugent, B. (1998). Kindergarten children’s gender-role expectations for television actors. Sex Roles, 38(5/6), 387– 402 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Eisenberg, N., Murray, E., Hite, T. (1982). Children’s reasoning regarding sex-typed toy choices. Child development, 53, 81– 86 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Feierabend, S., Klingler, W. (2002). Was Kinder sehen. Eine Analyse der Fernsehnutzung von Drei- bis 13-Jährigen 2001. Media Perspektiven, o. J. 5 221– 229 Google Scholar

  • Feilitzen, C. von, Linné, O. (1975). Identifying with television characters. Journal of Communication, 25(4), 51– 55 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Feningstein, A. (1979). Does aggression cause a preference for viewing media violence?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2307– 2317 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 43-67). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Google Scholar

  • Goldstein, J. H. (1994). Sex differences in toy play and use of video games. In J. H. Goldstein (Eds.), Toys play, and child development (pp. 110-129). New York: Cambridge University Press Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Golombok, S., Fivush, R. (1994). Gender development . New York: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar

  • Grüninger, C., Lindenmann, F. (2000). Vorschulkinder und Medien. Eine Untersuchung zum Medienkonsum von drei- bis sechsjährigen Kindern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Fernsehens (Schriftenreihe der Gesellschaft für Medienpädagogik und Kommunikationskultur (GMK) e.V., Bd. 12). Opladen: Leske + Budrich Google Scholar

  • Gunter, B. (1983). Do aggressive people prefer violent television?. Bulletin of the British Psycholgoical Society, 36, 166– 168 Google Scholar

  • Hoffner, C. (1996). Children’s wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40(3), 389– 402 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Huesmann, L. R., Miller, L. S. (1994). Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In R. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 153-186). New York: Plenum Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., Walder, L. O. (1984). The stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1120– 1134 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C.-L., Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, 39, 201– 221 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Keuneke, S. (2000). Geschlechtserwerb und Medienrezeption: Zur Rolle von Bilderbüchern im Prozess der frühen Geschlechtersozialisation . Opladen: Leske + Budrich Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Kohlberg, L. A. (1966). A cognitive developmental analysis of children’s sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 82-173). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press Google Scholar

  • Liebert, R. M., Sprafkin, J. (1988). The early window: Effects of television on children and youth . New York: Pergamon Press Google Scholar

  • Maccoby, E. E., Jacklin, C. N. (1987). Sex segregation in childhood. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 239-288). New York: Academic Press Google Scholar

  • Martin, C. L., Halverson, C. F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children. Child development, 52, 1119– 1134 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • McGhee, P. E., Frueh, T. (1980). Television viewing and the learning of sex-role stereotypes. Sex Roles, 6, 179– 188 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Miller, M. M., Reeves, B. (1976). Dramatic TV content and children’s sex-role stereotypes. Journal of Broadcasting, 20(1), 35– 50 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Nathanson, A. I., Cantor, J. (2000). Reducing the aggression-promoting effect of violent cartoons by increasing children’s fictional involvement with the victim: A study of active mediation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 125– 142 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Nathanson, A. I., Wilson, B. J., McGee, J., Sebastian, J. (in press) Counteracting the effects of female stereotypes on television via active mediation. Journal of Communication, Google Scholar

  • Paus-Haase, I. (1999). Zur Bedeutung von Medienhelden in Kindergarten, Peer-Groups und Kinderfreundschaften. Eine Untersuchung von Vorschulkindern mit Mediensymbolik im lebensweltlichen Zusammenhang. Rundfunk und Fernsehen, 47(1), 5– 24 Google Scholar

  • Powlishta, K. K., Serbin, L. A., Moller, L. C. (1993). The stability of individual differences in gender-typing: Implications for understanding sex segregation. Sex Roles, 29(11/12), 723– 737 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Reeves, B., Miller, M. M. (1978). A multidimensional measure of children’s identification with television characters. Journal of Broadcasting, 22(1), 71– 86 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Schorb, B. (1996). Zeichentrick, das Angebot des Fernsehens für Kinder. Stand der Forschung und die Untersuchung: Kinder und Cartoons. In H. Theunert & B. Schorb (Hrsg.), Begleiter der Kindheit. Zeichentrick und die Rezeption durch Kinder (S. 9-28). München: R. Fischer Google Scholar

  • Signorielli, N. (1989). Television and conceptions about sex roles: Maintaining conventionality and the status quo. Sex Roles, 21(5/6), 341– 360 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Signorielli, N. (2001). Television’s gender role images and contribution to stereotyping: Past, present, future. In D. G. Singer & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 341-358). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Google Scholar

  • Singer, D. G., Singer, J. L. (1990). The house of make-believe: Play and the developing imagination . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Google Scholar

  • Slaby, R. G., Frey, K. S. (1975). Development of gender constancy and selective attention to same-sex models. Child development, 46, 849– 856 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Strom Larson, M. (2001). Interactions, activities and gender in children’s television commercials: A content analysis. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45(1), 41– 56 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Szkrybalo, J., Ruble, D. N. (1999). “God made me a girl”: Sex-category constancy judgments and explanations revisited. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 392– 402 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Thompson, T. L., Zerbinos, E. (1995). Gender roles in animated cartoons: Has the picture changed in 20 years?. Sex Roles, 32(9/10), 651– 673 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Turner, P., Gervai, J., Hinde, R. A. (1993). Gender-typing in young children: Preferences, behavior, and cultural differences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11, 323– 342 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Valkenburg, P. M., Janssen, S. C. (1999). What do children value in entertainment programs? A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Communication, 49(2), 3– 21 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Weiderer, M. (1994). Das Frauen- und Männerbild im deutschen Fernsehen. Eine inhaltsanalytische Untersuchung der Sendungen mit Spielhandlung von ARD, ZDF und RTL plus. Medienpsychologie, 6, 15– 34 Google Scholar

  • White-Streicher, H. (1974). The girls in the cartoons. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 125– 145 Crossref, Google Scholar

  • Wilson, B. J., Smith, S. L., Potter, W. J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Colvin, C. M., Donnerstein, E. (2002). Violence in children’s television programming: Assessing the risks. Journal of Communication, 52(1), 5– 35 Crossref, Google Scholar