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Originalia

Gedächtnisbildung im Schlaf: Die Bedeutung von Schlafstadien und Streßhormonfreisetzung

Published Online:October 01, 2000https://doi.org/10.1026//0033-3042.51.4.198

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Nach gängiger Auffassung finden Gedächtniskonsolidierungsprozesse während des Schlafs hauptsächlich im REM-Schlaf (REM - “rapid eye movement”) statt. Die hier dargestellten Befunde und methodischen Überlegungen zeigen, daß dieses Konzept zugunsten einer differenzierteren Sichtweise auf Schlaf-assoziierte Konsolidierungsprozesse revidiert werden muß, die neben den Schlafstadien (REM-Schlaf versus Tiefschlaf) die Art der Gedächtnisleistung (deklaratives versus non-deklaratives Gedächtnis) und die Cortisolfreisetzung des Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Systems (HHN-System) berücksichtigt. REM-Schlaf findet vor allem in der zweiten Hälfte des nächtlichen Schlafs statt, während die erste Hälfte durch extensive Tiefschlafphasen geprägt wird. Der Vergleich der Gedächtnisleistung nach Phasen frühen und späten Schlafs zeigt, daß Konsolidierung sehr viel stärker durch die von Tiefschlaf geprägte erste Schlafhälfte als durch die von REM-Schlaf geprägte zweite Schlafhälfte gefördert wird. Dies gilt aber nur für hippocampal vermittelte deklarative Gedächtnisleistungen. Non-deklarative, prozedurale Gedächtnisleistungen scheinen dagegen stärker von der zweiten Schlafhälfte zu profitieren. Der Tiefschlaf in der ersten Schlafhälfte geht mit einer Hemmung der Cortisolfreisetzung einher, während die Cortisolspiegel in der zweiten Schlafhälfte stark ansteigen. Cortisol reguliert hippocampale Aktivität direkt über Bindung an Glucocorticoid- (GR) und Mineralocorticoidrezeptoren (MR). Der konsolidierungsfördernde Effekt des frühen Schlafs auf deklarative Gedächtnisinhalte kann durch experimentelle Erhöhung des Cortisolspiegels während dieser Schlafperiode vollständig gehemmt werden, ohne daß der Gehalt an Tiefschlaf verändert wird. Eine vergleichbare Hemmung tritt nach Gabe des selektiven GR-Agonisten Dexamethason auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß deklaratives Gedächtnis vor allem im frühen Schlaf zu Zeiten, die mit Tiefschlaf einhergehen, konsolidiert wird. Die Hemmung der Cortisolfreisetzung und die dadurch bedingte Inaktivierung hippocampaler Glucocorticoid-rezeptoren in dieser frühen Schlafperiode stellen eine notwendige Voraussetzung für diesen Konsolidierungsprozeß dar.


Memory consolidation during sleep: The meaning of sleep phases and stress hormone release

Abstract. It is commonly believed that memory consolidation during sleep takes place primarily during REM sleep (REM - ‘rapid eye movement’). Here we present data and methodological considerations indicating that this concept should be replaced in favor of a more differentiated view on sleep associated memory formation, which aside from the different sleep stages (REM sleep versus slow wave sleep) takes into account the type of memory (declarative versus non-declarative) and the release of cortisol from the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system. Most of REM sleep occurs during the second half of nocturnal sleep whereas the first half is dominated by extensive periods of slow wave sleep (SWS). The comparison of memory performance after periods of early and late retention sleep indicates that consolidation benefits more from the first half of sleep dominated by SWS than by the second half of sleep dominated by REM sleep. However, this is true only for declarative memories mediated via hippocampal structures. In contrast, non-declarative procedural memories appear to benefit more from the second than first half of sleep. SWS in the first half of sleep is associated with a distinct inhibition of cortisol release whereas cortisol blood concentrations are strongly increased during the second half of sleep. Cortisol directly regulates hippocampal neuronal activity via glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralicorticoid receptors (MR). The improving effect of early sleep on consolidation of declarative memories can be completely blocked by experimentally enhancing blood cortisol concentrations during this period of sleep. A comparable blockade can be induced by administration of dexamethason which is a selective GR agonist. Results show that declarative memories are consolidated primarily during periods of early sleep associated with SWS. The inhibition of cortisol release leading to an inactivation of hippocampal GR during this early sleep period, represents a necessary prerequisite for the consolidation process.

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