Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) regulates the extent and duration of dopamine receptor activation through sodium-dependant reuptake of dopamine into presynaptic neurons, resulting in termination of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified novel interactions between DAT, the SNARE protein syntaxin 1A, and the receptor for activated C kinases (RACK1). This association involves the intracellular N-terminal domain of human DAT (hDAT). Our data suggest that hDAT may exist as dimers or oligomers and that its protein–protein interactions with syntaxin 1A and RACK1 form functional regulatory complexes that may mediate DAT trafficking through modulation of hDAT phosphorylation by PKC.
Similar content being viewed by others
references
Ferrer, J. V. and Javitch, J. A. 1998. Cocaine alters the accessibility of endogenous cysteines in putative extracellular and intracellular loops of the human dopamine transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:9238–9243.
Melikian, H. E. and Buckley, K. M. 1999. Membrane trafficking regulates the activity of the human dopamine transporter. J. Neurosci. 19:7699–7710.
Saunders, C., Ferrer, J. V., Shi, L., Chen, J., Merrill, G., Lamb, M. E., Leeb-Lundberg, L. M., Carvelli, L., Javitch, J. A., and Galli, A. 2000. Amphetamine-induced loss of human dopamine transporter activity: An internalization-dependent and cocaine-sensitive mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:6850–6855.
Carvelli, L., Moron, J. A., Kahlig, K. M., Ferrer, J. V., Sen, N., Lechleiter, J. D., Leeb-Lundberg, L. M., Merrill, G., Lafer, E. M., Ballou, L. M., Shippenberg, T. S., Javitch, J. A., Lin, R. Z., and Galli. 2002. Pl 3-kinase regulation of dopamine uptake. J. Neurochem. 81:859–869.
Copeland, B. J., Vogelsberg, V., Neff, N. H., and Hadjiconstantinou, M. 1996. Protein kinase C activators decrease dopamine uptake into striatal synaptosomes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 277:1527–1532.
Vaughan, R. A., Huff, R. A., Uhl, G. R., and Kuhar, M. J. 1997. Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation and functional regulation of dopamine transporters in striatal synaptosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 272:15541–15546.
Chang, M. Y., Lee, S. H., Kim, J. H., Lee, K. H., Kim, Y. S., Son, H., and Lee, Y. S. 2001. Protein kinase C-mediated functional regulation of dopamine transporter is not achieved by direct phosphorylation of the dopamine transporter protein. J. Neurochem. 77:754–761.
Doolen, S. and Zahniser, N. R. 2002. Conventional protein kinase C isoforms regulate human dopamine transporter activity in Xenopus oocytes. FEBS Lett. 516:187–190.
Foster, J. D., Pananusorn, B., and Vaughan, R. A. 2002. Dopamine transporters are phosphorylated on N-terminal serines in rat striatum. J. Biol. Chem. 277:25178–25186.
Lee, F. J., Liu, F., Pristupa, Z. B., and Niznik, H. B. 2001. Direct binding and functional coupling of alpha-synuclein to the dopamine transporters accelerate dopamine-induced apoptosis. FASEB J. 15:916–926.
Torres, G. E., Yao, W. D., Mohn, A. R., Quan, H., Kim, K. M., Levey, A. I., Staudinger, J., and Caron, M. G. 2001. Functional interaction between monoamine plasma membrane transporters and the synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein PICK1. Neuron 30:121–134.
Carneiro, A. M., Ingram, S. L., Beaulieu, J. M., Sweeney, A., Amara, S. G., Thomas, S. M., Caron M. G., and Torres, G. E. 2002. The multiple LIM domain-containing adaptor protein Hic-5 synaptically colocalizes and interacts with the dopamine transporter. J. Neurosci. 22:7045–7054.
Ferguson, S. S. 2001. Evolving concepts in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis: The role in receptor desensitization and signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 53:1–24.
Blakely, R. D., Ramamoorthy, S., Schroeter, S., Qian, Y., Apparsundaram, S., Galli, A., and DeFelice, L. J. 1998. Regulated phosphorylation and trafficking of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter proteins. Biol. Psychiatry 44:169–178.
Deken, S. L., Beckman, M. L., Boos, L., and Quick, M. W. 2000. Transport rates of GABA transporters: Regulation by the N-terminal domain and syntaxin 1A. Nat. Neurosci. 3:998–1003.
Quick, M. W. 2002. Substrates regulate gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters in a syntaxin 1A-dependent manner. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:5686–5691.
Hu, K., Carroll, J., Fedorovich, S., Rickman, C., Sukhodub, A., and Davietov, B. 2002. Vesicular restriction of synaptobrevin suggests a role for calcium in membrane fusion. Nature 415:646–650.
Misura, K. M., Gonzalez, L. C., Jr., May, A. P., Scheller, R. H., and Weis, W. I. 2001. Crystal structure and biophysical properties of a complex between the N-terminal SNARE region of SNAP25 and syntaxin 1a. J. Biol. Chem. 276:41301–41309.
Sheng, Z. H., Rettig, J., Cook, T., and Catterall, W. A. 1996. Calcium-dependent interaction of N-type calcium channels with the synaptic core complex. Nature 379:451–454.
Ron, D., Chen, C. H., Caldwell, J., Jamieson, L., Orr, E., and Mochly-Rosen, D. 1994. Cloning of an intracellular receptor for protein kinase C: A homolog of the beta subunit of G proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:839–843.
Beckman M. L., Bernstein E. M., and Quick M. W. 1998. Protein kinase C regulates the interaction between a GABA transporter and syntaxin 1A. J. Neurosci. 18:6103–6112.
Pristupa, Z. B., McConkey, F., Liu, F., Man, H. Y., Lee, F. J., Wang, Y. T., and Niznik, H. B. 1998. Protein kinase-mediated bidirectional trafficking and functional regulation of the human dopamine transporter. Synapse 30:79–87.
Schechtman, D. and Mochly-Rosen, D. 2001. Adaptor proteins in protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction. Oncogene 20:6339–6347.
Kiely, P. A., Sant, A., and O'Connor, R. 2002. RACK1 is an insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor-interacting protein that can regulate IGF-1-mediated Akt activation and protection from cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 277:22581–22589.
Hastrup, H., Karlin, A., and Javitch, J. A. 2001. Symmetrical dimer of the human dopamine transporter revealed by cross-linking Cys-306 at the extracellular end of the sixth transmembrane segment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:10055–10060.
Kamsteeg, E. J., Heijnen, I., van Os, C. H., and Deen, P. M. 2000. The subcellular localization of an aquaporin-2 tetramer depends on the stoichiometry of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated monomers. J. Cell. Biol. 151:919–930.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, KH., Kim, MY., Kim, DH. et al. Syntaxin 1A and Receptor for Activated C Kinase Interact with the N-Terminal Region of Human Dopamine Transporter. Neurochem Res 29, 1405–1409 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NERE.0000026404.08779.43
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NERE.0000026404.08779.43