Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biogeochemical transformations of arsenic in circumneutral freshwater sediments

  • Published:
Biodegradation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Arsenic is a wide-spread contaminant of soils and sediments, andmany watersheds worldwide regularly experience severe arsenic loading. While the toxicityof arsenic to plants and animals is well recognized, the geochemical and biological transformationsthat alter its bioavailability in the environment are multifaceted and remain poorly understood.This communication provides a brief overview of our current understanding of the biogeochemistryof arsenic in circumneutral freshwater sediments, placing special emphasis on microbialtransformations. Arsenic can reside in a number of oxidation states and complex ions. The commoninorganic aqueous species at circumneutral pH are the negatively charged arsenates(H2AsVO4 - and HasVO4 2-) and zero-charged arsenite(H3AsIIIO3 0). Arsenic undergoes diagenesis in response to both physicaland biogeochemical processes. It accumulates in oxic sediments by adsorption on and/orco-precipitation with hydrous iron and manganese oxides. Burial of such sediments in anoxic/suboxicenvironments favors their reduction, releasing Fe(II), Mn(II) and associatedadsorbed/coprecipitated As. Upward advection can translocate these cations and As into theoverlying oxic zone where they may reprecipitate. Alternatively, As may be repartitioned tothe sulfidic phase, forming precipitates such as arsenopyrite and orpiment. Soluble and adsorbedAs species undergo biotic transformations. As(V) can serve as the terminal electronacceptor in the biological oxidation of organic matter, and the limited number of microbes capableof this transformations are diverse in their phylogeny and physiology. Fe(III)-respiring bacteriacan mobilize both As(V) and As(III) bound to ferric oxides by the reductive dissolution ofiron-arsenate minerals. SO4 2--reducing bacteria canpromote deposition of As(III) as sulfide minerals via their production of sulfide. A limited number of As(III)-oxidizing bacteriahave been identified, some of which couple this reaction to growth. Lastly, prokaryotic andeukaryotic microbes can alter arsenic toxicity either by coupling cellular export to its reductionor by converting inorganic As to organo-arsenical compounds. The degree to which each ofthese metabolic transformations influences As mobilization or sequestration in differentsedimentary matrices remains to be established.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aggett J & O'Brien GA (1985) Detailed model for the mobility of arsenic in lacustrine sediments based on measurements in Lake Ohakuri. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19: 231–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmann D, Krumholz LR, Hemond HF, Lovley DR & Morel FMM (1997) Microbial mobilization of arsenic from sediments of the Aberjona watershed. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 2923–2930

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmann D, Roberts AL, Krumholz LR & Morel FMM (1994) Microbe grows by reducing arsenic. Nature 371: 750

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson LCD & Bruland KW (1991) Biogeochemistry of arsenic in natural waters: The importance of methylated species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25: 420–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreae MO(1978) Distribution and speciation of arsenic in natural waters and some marine algae. Deep-Sea Res. 25: 391–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Balzer W (1982) On the distribution of iron and manganese at the sediment/water interface: thermodynamic versus kinetic control. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46: 1153–1161

    Google Scholar 

  • Belzile N & Tessier A (1990) Interactions between arsenic and iron oxyhydroxides in lacustrine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54: 103–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhumbla DK & Keefer RF (1994) Arsenic mobilization and bioavailability in soils. In Nriagu JO (ed) Arsenic in the Environment, Part I: Cycling and Characterization (pp 51–82). Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum JS, Bindi AB, Buzzelli J, Stolz JF & Oremland RS (1998) Bacillus arsenicoselenatis, sp. nov., and Bacillus selenitireducens, sp. nov.: two haloalkaliphiles from Mono Lake, California that respires oxyanions of selenium and arsenic. Arch. Micobiol. 171: 19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle RW & Jonasson IR (1973) The geochemistry of arsenic and its use as an indicator element for geochemical prospecting. J. Geochem. Explor. 2: 252–296

    Google Scholar 

  • British Geological Survey (2001) In Kinniburgh DG & Smedley PL (eds) Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh. Vol. 1: Summary. BGS Report WC/00/19

  • Byron WR, Bierbower GW, Brouwer JB & Hansen WH (1967) Pathologic changes in rats and dogs from two-year feeding of sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 10: 132–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro JM, Wielinga BW, Gannon JE & Moore JN (1999) Stimulation of sulfate-reducing bacteria in lake water from a former open-pit mine through addition of organic wastes. Wat. Env. Res. 71: 218–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry JA, Shaikh AU, Tallman DE & Nicholson RV (1979) Arsenic species as an indictor of redox conditions in groundwater. J. Hydrol. 43: 373–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Chilvers DC & Peterson PJ (1987) Global cycling of arsenic. In Hutchinson TC & Meema KM (ed) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment (pp 279–301). Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Colbourn P, Alloway BJ & Thornton I (1975) Arsenic and heavy metals in soils associated with regional geochemical anomalies in south-west England. Sci. Total Environ. 4: 359–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen WR & Reimer KJ (1989) Arsenic speciation in the environment. Chem. Rev. 89: 713–764

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings DE, Caccavo F, Fendorf S & Rosenzweig RF (1999) Arsenic mobilization by the dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Shewanella alga. BrY. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33: 723–729

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings DE, Spring S & Rosenzweig SF (2001) The ecology of iron-reducing bacteria in pristine and contaminated environments. In Hurst CJ, Crawford RL, Knudsen GR, McInerney MJ & Stetzenbach LD (eds) Manual of Environmental Microbiology (pp 1018–1027). 2nd edn. ASM Press, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis JA (1984) Complexation of trace metals by adsorbed natural organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48: 679–691

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVitre R, Belzile N & Tessier A (1991) Speciation and adsorption of arsenic on diagenetic iron oxyhydroxides. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36: 1480–1485

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowdle PR, Laverman AM & Oremland RS (1996) Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenic(V) to arsenic(III) in anoxic sediments. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 62: 1664–1669

    Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak DH, Hedin RS, Edenborn HM & McIntire PE (1992) Treatment of metal-contaminated water using bacterial sulfate reduction: Results from pilot-scale reactors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40: 609–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenchel T & Finlay BJ (1995) Ecology and Evolution in Anoxic Worlds. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Fendorf S, Eick MJ, Grossl P & Sparks DL (1997) Arsenate and chromate retention mechanisms on goethite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 315–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson JF & Gavis J (1972) A review of the arsenic cycle in natural waters. Wat. Res. 6: 1259–1274

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost RR & Griffin RA (1977) Effect of pH and adsorption of arsenic and selenium from landfill leachate by clay minerals. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41: 53–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Gihring TM & Banfield JF (2001) Arsenite oxidation and arsenate respiration by a new Thermus isolate. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 204: 335–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldhaber MB & Kaplan IR (1974) The sulfur cycle. In Goldberg ED (ed.), The Sea, Vol. 5 (pp 569–655). Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Green HH (1918) Description of a bacterium which oxidizes arsenite to arsenate, and of one which reduces arsenate to arsenite, isolated from a cattle-dipping tank. S. Afr. J. Sci. 14: 465–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington JM, Fendorf SE & Rosenzweig RF (1998a) Biotic generation of arsenic(III) in metal(loid)-contaminated freshwater lake sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32: 2425–2430

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa H (1997) The behavior of trivalent and pebtavalent methylarsenicals in Lake Biwa. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 11: 305–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa H, Sohrin Y, Seki K, Sato M, Norisuye K, Naito K & Matsui M (2001) Biosynthesis and release of methylarsenic compounds during the growth of freshwater algae. Chemosphere 43: 265–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington JM, LaForce MJ, Rember WC, Fendorf SE & Rosenzweig RF (1998b) Phase associations and mobilization of iron and trace elements in Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho. Env. Sci. Technol. 32: 650–666

    Google Scholar 

  • Heywood R & Sortwell RJ (1979) Arsenic intoxication in the rhesus monkey. Toxicol. Lett. 3: 137–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber R, Sacher M, Vollmann A, Huber H & Rose D (2000) Respiration of arsenate and selenate by hyperthermophilic Archaea. System Appl. Microbiol. 23: 305–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilyaletdinov AN & Abdrashitova SA (1981) Autotrophic oxidation of arsenic by a culture of Psuedomonas arsenitoxidans. Mikrobiologiya 50: 197–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain A. Raven KP & Loeppert RH (1998) Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite: Surface charge reduction and net OH-release stoichiometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33: 1179–1184

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones CA, Langner HW, Anderson K, McDermott TR & Inskeep WP (2000) Rates of microbially mediated arsenate reduction and solubilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64: 600–608

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieft TL, Fredrickson JK, Onstott TC, Corby YA, Kostandarithes HM, Bailey TJ, Kennedy DW, Li SW, Plymale AE, Spadoni CM & Gray MS (1999) Dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) and other electron acceptors by a Thermus isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1214–1221

    Google Scholar 

  • Krafft T & Macy JM (1998) Purification and characterization of the respiratory arsenate reductase of Chrysiogenes arsenatis. Eur. J. Biochem. 255: 647–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn A & Sigg L (1993) Arsenic cycling in eutrophic Lake Greifen, Switzerland: Influence of seasonal redox processes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 1052–1059

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer HW, Jackson CR, McDermott TR & Inskeep WP (2001) Rapid oxidation of arsenite in a hot spring ecosystem, Yellowstone National Park. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 3302–3309

    Google Scholar 

  • Laverman AM, Blum JS, Schaefer JK, Phillips EJP, Lovley DR & Oremland RS (1995) Growth of strain SES-3 with arsenate and other diverse electron acceptors. Appl. Env.Microbiol. 61: 3556–3564

    Google Scholar 

  • Leu JY, McGovern-Traa CP, Porter AJ & Hamilton WA (1999) The same species of sulfate-reducing Desulfomicrobium occur in different oil field environments in the North Sea. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 4: 246–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Levander OA (ed.) (1975) Arsenic. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonergan DJ, Jenter HL, Coates JD, Phillips EJ, Schmidt TM & Lovley DR (1996) Phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 178: 2402–2408

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovley DR (2000) Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. In Lovley DR (ed) Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (pp 3–30). ASM Press, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovley DR, Coates JD, Saffarini D & Lonergan JD (1997) Diversity of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. In Winkelman G & Carrano CJ (ed) Iron and Related Transition Metals in Microbial Metabolism (pp 187–215). Hardwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie FT, Lantzy RJ & Paterson V (1979) Global trace metal cycles and predictions. J. Int. Assoc. Math. Geol. 11: 99–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Macy JM, Nunan K, Hagen KD, Dixon DR, Harbour PJ, Cahill M & Sly LI (1996) Chrysiogenes arsenatis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new arsenate-respiring bacterium isolated from gold mine wastewater. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46: 1153–1157

    Google Scholar 

  • Macy JM, Santini JM, Pauling BV, O'Neill AH & Sly LI (2000) Two new arsenate/sulfate-reducing bacteria: Mechanisms of arsenate reduction. Arch. Microbiol. 173: 49–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning BA & Goldberg S (1997) Adsorption and stability of arsenic(III) at the clay mineral-water interface. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 2005–2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning BA, Fendorf SE & Goldberg S (1998) Surface structures and stability of arsenic(III) on goethite: Spectroscopic evidence for inner-sphere complexes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32: 2383–2388

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin P, DeMel S, Shi J, Gladysheva T, Gatti DL, Rosen BP, Edwards BFP (2001) Insights into the structure, solvation, and mechanism of ArsC arsenate reductase, a novel arsenic detoxification enzyme. Structure 9: 1071–1081

    Google Scholar 

  • Masscheleyn PH, Delaune RD & Patrick WH Jr (1991) Effect of redox potential and pH on arsenic speciation and solubility in a contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25: 1414–1419

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie RM (1981) The surface charge on manganese dioxides. Aust. J. Soil Technol. 19: 41–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Mok WM & Wai CM (1994) Mobilization of arsenic in contaminated river waters. In Nriagu JO (ed) Arsenic in the Environment, Part I: Cycling and Characterization (pp 99–117). Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore JN, Ficklin WH & Johns C (1988) Partitioning of arsenic and metals in reducing sulfidic sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22: 432–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore JN, Walker JR & Hayes TH (1990) Reaction scheme for the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by birnessite. Clays and Clay Minerals 38: 549–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton WE & Dunnette DA (1994) Health effects of environmental arsenic. In Nriagu JO (ed) Arsenic in the Environment, Part II: Human Health and Ecosystem Effects (pp 17–34). Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray JW & Brewer PG (1977) Mechanisms of removal of manganese, iron and other trace metals from seawater. In Glasby GP (ed) Marine Manganese Deposits (pp 291–326). Elsevier Science, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (1999) Arsenic in Drinking Water. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman DK, Ahmann D & Morel FMM (1998) A brief review of microbial arsenate respiration. Geomicrobiol. 15: 255–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman DK & Banfield JF (2002) Geomicrobiology: How molecular-scale interactions underpin biogeochemical systems. Science 296: 1071–1077

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman DK, Kennedy EK, Coates JD, Ahmann D, Ellis DJ, Lovley DR & Morel FMM (1997) Dissimilatory arsenate and sulfate reduction in Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum sp. nov. Arch. Microbiol. 168: 380–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Newport PJ & Nedwell DB (1988) The mechanisms of inhibition of Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum species by selenate and molybdate. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 65: 419–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickson R, McArthur J, Burgess W, Ahmed KM, Ravenscroft P & Rahman M (1998) Arsenic poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater. Nature 395: 338

    Google Scholar 

  • Niggemyer A, Spring S, Stackebrandt E & Rosenzweig RF (2001) Isolation and characterization of a novel As(V)-reducing bacterium: Implications for arsenic mobilization and the genus Desulfitobacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 5568–5580

    Google Scholar 

  • Nriagu JO & Pacyna JM (1988) Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water, and soils by trace metals. Nature 333: 134–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Oremland RS, Blum JS, Culbertson CW, Visscher PT, Miller LG, Dowdle P & Strohmaier FE (1994) Isolation, growth, and metabolism of an obligately anaerobic, selenate-respiring bacterium, SES-3. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 60: 3011–3019

    Google Scholar 

  • Oremland RS & Stolz J (2000) Dissimilatory reduction of selenate and arsenate in nature. In Lovley D (ed) Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (pp 199–224). ASM Press, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Oscarson DW, Huang PM, Defosse C & Herbillo A (1981a) Oxidative power of Mn(IV) and Fe(III) oxides with respect to As(III) in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Nature 291: 50–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Oscarson DW, Huang PM & Liaw WK (1980) The oxidation of arsenite by aquatic sediments. J. Envir. Qual. 9: 700–703

    Google Scholar 

  • Oscarson DW, Huang PM & Liaw WK (1981b) The role of manganese in the oxidation of arsenite by freshwaterlake sediments. Clays and Clay Minerals 29: 219–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Oscarson DW, Huang PM, Liaw WK & Hammer UT (1983) Kinetics of oxidation of arsenite by various manganese dioxides. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47: 644–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawlik-Skowronska B (2001) Phytochelatin production in freshwater algae Stigeoclonium in response to heavy metals contained in mining water; effects of some environmental factors. Aquat. Toxicol. 52: 241–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson ML & Carpenter R (1985) Arsenic distributions in porewaters and sediments of Puget Sound, Lake Washington, the Washington coast and Saanich Inlet, B.C. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta. 50: 353–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce ML & Moore CB (1982) Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate on amorphous iron hydroxide. Water Res. 16: 1247–1253

    Google Scholar 

  • Rittle KA, Drever JI & Colberg PJS (1995) Precipitation of arsenic during bacterial sulfate reduction. Geomicrobiol. J. 13: 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Reysenbach AL & Shock E (2002) Merging genomes with geochemistry in hydrothermal ecosystems. Science 296: 1077–1082

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen BP (1999) Families of arsenic transporters. Trends Microbiol. 7: 207–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadiq M (1990) Arsenic chemistry in marine environmnets: A comparison between theoretical and field observations. Marine Chem. 31: 285–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Santini JM, Sly LI, Schnagl RD & Macy JM (2000) A new chemolithoautotrophic arsenite-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a gold mine: Phylogenetic, physiological, and preliminary biochemical studies. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 66: 92–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott MJ & Morgan JJ (1990) Energetics and conservative properties of redox systems. In Bassett RL & Melchior DC (ed) Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems II (pp 368–378). American Chemical Society Symposium Series 416, Washington, D.C

  • Senn DB & Hemond HF (2002) Nitrate controls on iron and arsenic in an urban lake. Science 296: 2373–2376

    Google Scholar 

  • Smedley PL & Kinniburgh DG (2002) A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Appl. Geochem. 17: 517–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith E, Naidu R & Alston AM (1998) Arsenic in the soil environment: A review. Adv. Agron. 64: 149–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohrin Y, Masakazu M, Kawashima M, Hojo M. & Hasegawa H (1997) Arsenic biogeochemistry affected by eutrophication in Lake Biwa, Japan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 2712–2720

    Google Scholar 

  • Spliethoff HM (1995) Biotic and abiotic transformation of arsenic in the Upper Mystic Lake [M.S. thesis]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Spliethoff HM, Mason RP & Hemond HE (1995) Interannual variability in the speciation and mobility of arsenic in a dimictic lake. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 2157–2161

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolz JF, Ellis DJ, Blum JS, Ahmann D, Lovley DR & Oremland RS (1999) Sulfurospirillum barnesii sp. nov. and Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum sp. nov., new members of the Sulfurospirillum clade of the ε Proteobacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49: 1177–1180

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolz JF, Gugliuzza T, Blum JS, Oremland R & Murillo FM (1997) Differential cytochrome content and reductase activity in Geospirillum barnesii. Arch. Microbiol. 167: 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolz JF & Oremland RS (1999) Bacterial respiration of arsenic and selenium. FEMS Micobiol. Rev. 23: 615–627

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun X & Doner HE (1996) An investigation of arsenate and arsenite bonding structures on goethite by FTIR. Sol. Sci. 161: 865–872

    Google Scholar 

  • Takematsu N (1979) Sorption of transition metals on manganese and iron oxides, and silicate minerals. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 35: 36–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessier A, Rapin F & Carignan R (1985) Trace metals in oxic lake sediments: Possible adsorption onto iron oxyhydroxides. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49: 183–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkl P, Huber R, Drobner E, Rachel R, Burggraf S, Trincone A & Stetter KO (1993) Pyrobaculum aerophilum sp. nov., a novel nitrate-reducing hyperthermophilic archaeum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 2918–2926

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkie JA & Hering JG (1998) Rapid oxidation of geothermal arsenic( III) in streamwaters of the eastern Sierra Nevada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32: 657–662

    Google Scholar 

  • Willsky GR & Malamy MH (1980) Effect of arsenate on inorganic phosphate transport in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 144: 366–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolfolk CA & Whiteley HR (1962) Reduction of inorganic compounds with molecular hydrogen by Micrococcus lactilyticus. J. Bacteriol. 84: 647–658

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan-Chu H (1994) Arsenic distribution in soils. In Nriagu JO (ed) Arsenic in the Environment, Part I: Cycling and Characterization (pp 17–49). Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobrist J, Dowdle PR, David JA & Oremland RS (2000) Mobilization of arsenite by dissimilatory reduction of adsorbed arsenate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 4747–4753

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biological Sciences, Program in Microbial Ecology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812-4824, USA

    David R. Nicholas, Srividhya Ramamoorthy & R. Frank Rosenzweig

  2. Habitat Impacts Research, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

    Vince Palace

  3. DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Zellkurturen GmbH, Mascheroden Weg 1b, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany

    Stefan Spring & Johnnie N. Moore

Authors
  1. David R. Nicholas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Srividhya Ramamoorthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vince Palace
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stefan Spring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Johnnie N. Moore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. R. Frank Rosenzweig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nicholas, D.R., Ramamoorthy, S., Palace, V. et al. Biogeochemical transformations of arsenic in circumneutral freshwater sediments. Biodegradation 14, 123–137 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024031700533

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024031700533

Search

Navigation