Abstract
A series of experiments to investigate the genetic basis of pre-harvest sprouting are reported. The results are combined with previously published studies in a composite genetic map for sprout resistance in hexaploid wheat. Different studies, using classical genetics, aneuploids, chromosome substitutions, or QTL mapping, have identified various regions of the A, B, and D genomes affecting dormancy. Comparisons between the available studies lead to the following conclusions: • Different studies often identify different genetic loci, in part reflecting different sampling from the available gene pool. This implies that many loci are involved in determining resistance, and that new loci may be discovered as the number of mapping studies increases.• There are, however, examples where similar map locations are implicated over different crosses. These may reflect the detection of key resistance genes. • Finally, (genotype × environment) interactions are frequently observed. The implications of these observations for crop improvement and research programmes are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells & S.D. Tanksley, 1993. RFLP analysis of genomic regions associated with resistance to pre-harvest sprouting in wheat. Crop Sci 33: 453–459.
Bailey, P.C., R.S. McKibbin, J.R. Lenton, M.J. Holdsworth, J.E. Flintham & M.D. Gale, 1999. Genetic map locations for orthologous Vp1 genes in wheat and rice. Theor Appl Genet 98: 281–284.
Bryan, G.J., A.J. Collins, P. Stephenson, A. Orry, J.B. Smith & M.D. Gale, 1997. Isolation and characterisation of microsatellites from hexaploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 94: 557–563.
Derera, N.F. (Ed.), 1989. Preharvest Field Sprouting in Cereals. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, USA.
Derera, N.F., G.M. Bhatt & G.J. McMaster, 1977. On the problem of preharvest sprouting of wheat. Euphytica 26: 299–308.
Devos, K.M., J. Dubcovsky, J. Dvorak, C.N. Chinoy & M.D. Gale, 1995. Structural evolution of wheat chromosomes 4A, 5A, and 7B and its impact on recombination. Theor Appl Genet 91: 282–288.
Flintham, J.E., 1989. Sprouting risks and genetic strategies for breeding resistant wheats. In: K. Ringlund, E. Mosleth & D.J. Mares (Eds.), 5th Int Symp on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, pp. 176–182. Westview Press, Boulder, USA.
Flintham, J.E., 1993. Grain color and sprout resistance in wheat. In: M.K. Walker-Simmons & J.B. Reid (Eds.), Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals 1992, pp. 30–36. AACC, USA.
Flintham, J.E., 2000. Different genetic components control coatimposed and embryo-imposed dormancy in wheat. Seed Sci Res 10: 43–50.
Flintham, J.E., R.E. Adlam & M.D. Gale, 1999. Seedcoat and embryo dormancy in wheat. In: D. Weipert (Ed.), 8th Int Symp on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, pp. 67–76. Association of Cereal Research, Detmold, Germany.
Flintham, J.E., W.J. Angus & M.D. Gale, 1997. Heterosis, overdominance for grain yield, and alpha-amylase activity in F1 hybrids between near-isogenic Rht dwarf and tall wheats. J Agric Sci 129: 371–378.
Flintham, J.E. & M.D. Gale, 1996. Dormancy gene maps in homoeologous cereal genomes. In: K. Noda & D.J. Mares (Eds.), Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals 1995, pp. 143–149. Center for Academic Societies, Japan.
Gale, M.D., M.D. Atkinson, C.N. Chinoy, R.L. Harcourt, J. Jia, Q.Y. Li & K.M. Devos, 1995. Genetic maps of hexaploid wheat. In: Z.S. Li & Z.Y. Xin (Eds.), Proc 8th Int Wheat Genet Symp, 1: pp. 29–40. China Agricultural Scientech Press, Beijing.
Gale, M.D., J.E. Flintham & K.M. Devos, 2002. Cereal comparative genomics and pre-harvest sprouting. Euphuytica [THIS VOLUME]
Kato, K., W. Nakamura, T. Tabili, H. Miura & S. Sawada, 2001. Detection of loci controlling seed dormancy on group 4 chromosomes of wheat and comparative mapping with rice and barley genomes. Theor Appl Genet 102: 980–985.
King, R.W. & P. von Wettstein-Knowles, 2000. Epicuticular waxes and regulation of ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting in barley and wheat. Euphytica 112: 157–166.
Lander, E.S., P. Green, J. Abrahamson, A. Barlow, M.J. Daly, S.E. Lincoln & I. Newburg, 1987. MAPMAKER: an interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage mapsof experimental and natural populations. Genomics 1: 174–181.
Lunn, G.D., B.J. Major, P.S. Kettlewell & R.K. Scott, 2001. Mechanisms leading to excess alpha-amylase activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain in the U.K. J Cereal Sci 33: 313–329.
Mares, D.J., 1996. Dormancy in white wheat: mechanism and location of genes. In: K. Noda & D.J. Mares (Eds.), Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals 1995, pp. 179–184. Center for Academic Societies, Japan.
Mares, D.J., 1999. The seedcoat and dormancy in wheat grains. In: D. Weipert (Ed.), 8th Int Symp on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, pp. 77–81. Association for Cereal Science Research, Detmold, Germany.
Mares, D., K. Mrva, M.-K. Tan & P. Sharp, 2002. Dormancy in white-grained wheat: Progress towards identification of genes and molecular markers. Euphytica [THIS VOLUME]
Mrva, K. & D.J. Mares, 1996. Expression of late maturity α-amylase in wheat containing gibberellic acid insensitivity genes. Euphytica 88: 69–76.
Mrva, K. & D.J. Mares, 1999. Regulation of high pI α-amylase synthesis in wheat alearone by a gene(s) located on chromosome 6B. Euphytica 109: 17–23.
Mrva, K. & D.J. Mares, 2002. Screening methods and identification of QTLs associated with late maturity alpha-amylase in wheat. Euphytica [THIS VOLUME]
Roder, M.S., J. Plashke, S.U. Konig, A. Borner, M.E. Sorrells, S.D. Tanksley & M.W. Ganal, 1995. Abundance, variability and chromosomal location of microsatellites in wheat. Mol Gen Genet 246: 327–333.
Roy, J.K., M. Prasad, R.K. Varshney, H.S. Balyan, T.K. Blake, H.S. Dhaliwal, H. Singh, K.J. Edwards & P.K. Gupta, 1999. Identification of a microsatellite on chromosomes 6B and a STS on 7D of breadwheat showing an association with preharvest sprouting tolerance. Theor Appl Genet 99: 336–340.
Sorrells, M.E. & J.A. Anderson, 1996. Quantitative trait loci associated with preharvest sprouting in white wheat. In: K. Noda & D.J. Mares (Eds.), Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals 1995, pp. 137–142. Center for Academic Societies, Japan.
Stam, P. & J.W. Van Ooijen, 1995. JoinMap (TM) version 2.0: Software for the calculation of genetic linkage maps. CPRO-DLO Wageningen, Netherlands.
Ullrich, S.E., P.M. Hayes, W.E. Dyer, T.K. Blake & J.A. Clancy, 1993. Quantitative trait locus analysis of seed dormancy in 'steptoe' barley. In: M.K. Walker-Simmons & J.L. Ried (Eds.), Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals 1992, pp. 136–145. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minn. U.S.A.
Varshney, R.K., M. Prasad, J.K. Roy, M.S. Roder, H.S. Balyan & P.K. Gupta, 2001. Integrated physical maps of 2DL, 6BS and 7DL carrying loci for grain protein content and pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in bread wheat. Cereal Res Commun 29: 33–40.
Vos, P., R. Hogers, M. Bleeker, M. Reijans, T. van de Lee, M. Hornes, A. Frijters, J. Pot, J. Peleman, M. Kuiper & M. Zabeau, 1995. AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucl Acids Res 23: 4407–4414.
Warner, R.L., D.A. Kurdna, S.C. Spaeth & S.S. Jones, 2000. Dormancy in white-grained mutants of Chinese Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Seed Sci Res 10: 51–60.
Zanetti, S., M. Winzeler, M. Keller, B. Keller & M. Messmer, 2000. Genetic analysis of pre-harvest sprouting in a wheat × spelt cross. Crop Sci 40: 1406–1417.