Abstract
This paper looks at the independent contributions of the setting and the intensity of after-school self-care to the cigarette smoking behaviors of 2352 ninth graders. We controlled for a variety of correlates of adolescent cigarette smoking that have not been accounted for in existing research. Results indicated that the intensity of the self-care experience was significantly associated with adolescent smoking behavior irrespective of the typical setting of the adolescents' after-school activities. Our findings also indicated that a nonpermissive parenting style, family rule-setting about cigarettes, and especially, in absentia parental monitoring may reduce the likelihood of cigarette smoking among latchkey and nonlatchkey adolescents alike. However, latchkey youth were not any more sensitive to these aspects of parenting than other adolescents. This is consistent with the notion that targeting these aspects of the home lives of all adolescents has the potential to reduce smoking behaviors among latchkey as well as nonlatchkey children.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., and Johnston, L. D. (1984). Drug use among young adults: The impacts of role status and social environment. J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 47: 629-645.
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., and Gordon, A. S. (1983). States of drug use in adolescence: Personality, peer and family correlates. Dev. Psychol. 19: 269-277.
Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Gordon, A. S., Whiteman, M., and Cohen, P. (1990). The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: A family interactional approach. Genet. Soc. Gen. Psychol. Monogr. 116: 111-267.
Casper, L. M., Hawkins, M., and O'Connell, M. (1994). Who's minding the kids. Child care arrangements: Fall, 1991. Current Population Reports. Household Economic Studies, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, pp. 70-86.
Cohen, S., Kararck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. J. Health Soc. Behav. 24: 385-396.
Conrad, K. M., Flay, B. R., and Hill, D. (1992). Why children start smoking cigarettes: Predictors of onset. Br. J. Addict. 87: 1711-1724.
DeMaris, A. (1992). Logit Modeling, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, Series 07-086.
Dubowitz, H., and Sawyer, R. J. (1994). School behavior of children in kinship care. Child Abuse Neglect 18: 899-911.
Dwyer, K. M., Richardson, J. L., Danley, K. L., Hansen, W. B., Sussman, S. Y., Brannon, B., Dent, C. W., Johnson, C. A., and Flay, B. R. (1990). Characteristics of eighth-grade students who initiate self-care in elementary and junior-high school. Pediatrics 86: 448-454.
Flay, B. R., and Petraitis, J. (1994). The theory of triadic influence: A new theory of health behavior with preventive implications. In Albrecht, G. L. (ed.), Advances in Medical Sociology, Vol. IV. A Reconsideration of Models of Health Behavior Change, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
Flay, B. R., Brannon, B. R., Johnson, C. A., Hansen, W. B., Ulene, A. L., Whitney-Saltiel, D. A., et al. (1988). The television school and family prevention and cessation project. I. Theoretical basis and television program development. Prev. Med. 17: 585-607.
Flay, B., Ockene, J. K., and Tager, I. B. (1992). Smoking: Epidemiology, cessation and prevention. Chest 102: 277s-300s.
Galambos, N. L., and Maggs, J. L. (1991). Out-of-school care of young adolescents and self-repor ted behavior. Dev. Psychol. 27: 644-655.
Garbarino, J. (1980). Latchkey children: Getting the short end of the stick? Vital Issues 30(3).
Garbarino, J. (1986). Can American families afford the luxury of childhood? Child Welfare 65: 119-128.
Hu, F. B., Flay, B. R., Hedeker, D., and Siddiqui, O. (1995). The influences of friends' and parental smoking on adolescent smoking behavior: The effects of time and prior smoking. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 25: 2018-2047.
Kandel, D., and Davies, M. (1982). Epidemiology of depressive mood in adolescents. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39: 1205-1212.
Kandel, D., and Lesser, G. S. (1969). Parent-adolescent relationships and adolescent independence in the United States and Denmark. J. Marriage Family 31: 348-358.
Kowaleski-Jones, L., and Mott, F. L. (1997). Lighting up: Behavioral and social-psychologica l antecedents of smoking among high risk adolescents. Presented at the Annual Conference of the Population Association of America, Washington, DC.
Long, T. J., and Long, L. (1982). Latchkey Children: The Child's View of Self-Care, ERIC document reproduction service No. Ed 211 229, Educational Resources Information Center Documents Reproduction Service, Arlington, VA.
Long, T. J., and Long, L. (1983). The Handbook for Latchkey Children and Their Parents, Arbor House, New York.
Medrich, E., Roizen, J., Rubin, V., and Buckley, S. (1982). The Serious Business of Growing Up: Study of Children's Lives Outside School, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Mulhall, P. F., and Stone, D. (1996). Home alone: Is it a risk factor for middle school youth and drug use? J. Drug Educ. 26: 39-48.
Nelson, D. E., Giovino, G. A., Shopland, D. P., Mowery, P. D., Mills, S. L., and Eriksen, M. P. (1995). Trends in cigarette smoking among U.S. adolescents, 1974 through 1991. Am. J. Public Health 85: 34-40.
Padilla, M. L., and Landreth, G. L. (1989). Latchkey children: A review of the literature. Child Welfare 68: 445-454.
Perry, C. L., and Staufacker, M. J. (1996). Tobacco use. In Diclemente, R. J. (ed.), Handbook of Adolescent Health Risk Behavior, Plenum, New York, pp. 53-81.
Peterson, L., and Magrab, P. (1989). Introduction to the special issue. Children on their own. J. Clin. Child Psychol. 18: 2-7.
Pirie, P. L. (1991). Gender differences in cigarette smoking and quitting in a cohort of young adults. Am. J. Public Health 81: 324-327.
Powell, D. R., and Widdows, R. (1987). Social and economic factors associated with parents' decisions about after-school child care: An exploratory study in a medium-sized community. Child Youth Care Q. 16: 272-282.
Radziszewska, B., Richardson, J. L., Dent, C. W., and Flay, B. (1996). Parenting style and adolescent depressive symptoms, smoking and academic achievement: Ethnic, gender and ses differences. J. Behav. Med. 19: 289-304.
Richardson, J. L., Dwyer, K., McGuigan, K., Hansen, W. B., Dent, C., Johnson, C. A., Sussman, S., Brannon, B., and Flay, B. (1989). Substance use among eighth-grade students who take care of themselves after-school. Pediatrics 84: 556-566.
Richardson, J. L., Radziszewska, B., Dent, C. W., and Flay, B. R. (1993). Relationship between after-school care of adolescents and substance use, risk taking, depressed mood, and academic achievement. Pediatrics 92: 32-38.
Rodman, H., Pratto, D., and Nelson, R. (1985). Child care arrangement and children's functioning and a comparison of self-care and adult-care children. Dev. Psychol. 21: 413-418.
Steinberg, L. (1986). Latchkey children and susceptibility to peer pressure: An ecological analysis. Dev. Psychol. 22(4): 433-439.
Zill, N. (1983). American Children: Happy, Healthy, and Insecure, Doubleday-An chor, New York.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mott, J.A., Crowe, P.A., Richardson, J. et al. After-School Supervision and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking: Contributions of the Setting and Intensity of After-School Self-Care. J Behav Med 22, 35–58 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018747602026
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018747602026