Fatigue studies of high-palladium dental casting alloys: Part I. Fatigue limits and fracture characteristics*

Abstract

The fatigue limits and fracture characteristics for a Pd–Cu–Ga alloy and a Pd–Ga alloy were studied. The alloys were cast into tensile test bars with gauge diameter of 3 mm and gauge length of 15 mm, and the surfaces of the castings were neither air-abraded nor polished after removal from the investment. Specimens were prepared from all-new metal (not previously melted), a combination of 50% new metal and 50% old metal (previously melted one time) and 100% old metal. The cast bars were subjected to heat treatment simulating the complete firing cycles for dental porcelain, and fatigued in air at room temperature under uniaxial tension-compression stress at 10 Hz and a ratio of tensile stress amplitude to compressive stress amplitude (R-ratio) of −1. The alloy microstructures and fracture surfaces were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that the fatigue limits at 2 x 10⁶cycles of the Pd–Cu–Ga and Pd–Ga alloys were approximately 0.20 and 0.15 of their 0.1% yield strength (YS) in tension, respectively. The fatigue resistance for specimens from both alloys containing 50% old metal and 50% new metal was comparable to that of specimens containing all-new metal, although this decreased dramatically for Pd–Cu–Ga alloy specimens containing all-old metal. The fatigue resistance of the Pd–Cu–Ga alloy subjected to heat treatment simulating the porcelain firing cycles was not adversely affected by remnants of the original as-cast dendritic microstructure that remained in the relatively large test specimens. A longer heat treatment than recommended by the manufacturer for the porcelain firing cycles is needed to completely eliminate the as-cast dendritic structure in these specimens. The Pd–Cu–Ga alloy exhibited superior fatigue resistance to the Pd–Ga alloy, which has an equiaxed-grain microstructure and lower yield strength.