Abstract
Revised theoretical constructs and an enlarged database allow substantive revisions to a processual accounting of greater Cahokia. Measures of political consolidation, demographic nucleation, central transformations, and centrifugal dispersions reveal the form, scale, and developmental trajectory of greater Cahokia to have been highly centralized, regional, and punctuated by abrupt and pervasive social changes, respectively. Social restructuring, political rituals, and large-scale labor mobilizations are recognizable among the archaeological remains, as are the pre-Mississippian traditions that tempered regional government. Greater Cahokia was a product of local agricultural populations dominated and accommodated over three centuries. The processes of domination and accommodation, occurring at a time when regional administration was not yet commonplace, left unmistakable regional and panregional signatures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES CITED
Adams, R. McC. (1949). Archaeological investigations in Jefferson County, Missouri. The Missouri Archaeologist 11: 1–72.
Adler, M. (1983). A Formal and Technological Analysis of Ceramics from the Audrey-North Site, Unpublished B.A. Thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
Ames, K. M. (1995). Chiefly power and household production on the Northwest Coast. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. M. (eds.), Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 155–187.
Anderson, D. C. (1987). Toward a processual understanding of the Initial Variant of the Middle Missouri Tradition: The case of the Mill Creek culture of Iowa. American Antiquity 52: 522–537.
Anderson, D. G. (1994). The Savannah River Chiefdoms: Political Change in the Late Prehistoric Southeast, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Anderson, D. G. (1997). The role of Cahokia in the evolution of southeastern Mississippian society. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 248–268.
Anderson, J. (1977). A Cahokia palisade sequence. In Fowler, M. L. (ed.), Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology, 2nd rev. ed., Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin, No. 7, Urbana, pp. 89–99.
Bareis, C. J. (1976). The Knoebel Site, St. Clair County, Illinois, Illinois Archaeological Survey, Circular 1, Urbana.
Barker, A. W., and Pauketat, T. R. (1992). Introduction: Social inequality and the native elites of southeastern North America. In Barker, A. W., and Pauketat, T. R. (eds.), Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 3, Washington, DC, pp. 1–10.
Bozell, J. R. (1993). Vertebrate fauna. In Pauketat, T. R. (eds.) Temples for Cahokia Lords: Preston Holder's 1955–1956 Excavations of Kunnemann Mound, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, No. 26, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 107–123.
Brain, J. P. (1991). Cahokia from the southern periphery. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 93–100.
Brouk, M. (1978). A Middle Mississippian crematory burial. Central States Archaeological Journal 25: 122–128.
Brown, J. A., and Kelly, J. E. (1996). Cahokia and the beginnings of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston.
Brown, J. A., Kerber, R. A., and Winters, H. D. (1990). Trade and the evolution of exchange relations at the beginning of the Mississippian period. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), The Mississippian Emergence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 251–280.
Buikstra, J. E., Rose, J. C., and Milner, G. R. (1994). A carbon isotopic perspective on dietary variation in late prehistoric western Illinois. In Green, W. (ed.), Agricultural Origins and Development in the Midcontinent, Office of the State Archaeologist, Report 19, University of Iowa, Iowa City, pp. 155–170.
Carneiro, R. L. (1981). The chiefdom: Precursor of the state. In Jones, G., and Kantz, R. (eds.), Transitions to Statehood in the New World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 37–79.
Chmurny, W. W. (1973). The Ecology of the Middle Mississippian Occupation of the American Bottom, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Clafin, J. (1991). The Shire site: Mississippian outpost in the central Illinois prairie. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 155–176.
Cobb, C. R. (1989). An appraisal of the role of Mill Creek chert hoes in Mississippian exchange systems. Southeastern Archaeology 8: 79–92.
Collins, J. M. (1990). The Archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT-II: Site Structure, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 10, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Collins, J. M. (1997). Cahokia settlement and social structures as viewed from the ICT-II. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 124–140.
Collins, J. M., and Chalfant, M. L. (1993). A second-terrace perspective on Monks Mound. American Antiquity 58: 319–332.
Collins, J. M., and Henning, D. R. (1996). The Big River phase: Emergent Mississippian cultural expression on Cahokia's near frontier, the northeast Ozark rim, Missouri. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 21: 79–104.
Conrad, L. A. (1989). The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex on the northern Middle Mississippian frontier: Late prehistoric politico-religious systems in the central Illinois river valley. In Galloway, P. (ed.), The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 93–113.
Conrad, L. A. (1991). The Middle Mississippian cultures of the central Illinois valley. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R.B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 119–163.
Dalan, R. A. (1997). The construction of Mississippian Cahokia. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 89–102.
DeBoer, W. R. (1993). Like a rolling stone: The chunkey game and political orgnaization in eastern North America. Southeastern Archaeology 12: 83–92.
Dincauze, D. F., and Hasenstab, R. J. (1989). Explaining the Iroquois: Tribalization on a prehistoric periphery. In Champion, T. C. (ed.), Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology, Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 67–87.
Dorothy, L. G. (1980). The ceramics of the Sand Point site (20BG14), Baraga County, Michigan: A preliminary description. The Michigan Archaeologist 26(3–4): 39–90.
Dye, D. H. (1995). Feasting with the enemy: Mississippian warfare and prestige-goods circulation. In Nassaney, M. S., and Sassaman, K. E. (eds.), Native American Interactions: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 289–316.
Earle, T. (1990). Style and iconography as legitimation in complex chiefdoms. In Conkey, M. W., and Hastorf, C. A. (eds.), The Uses of Style in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 73–81.
Earle, T. (1991). The evolution of chiefdoms. In Earle, T. (ed.), Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–15.
Ekholm, K. (1978). External exchange and the transformation of central African social systems. In Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. J. (eds.), The Evolution of Social Systems, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, pp. 115–136.
Emerson, T. E. (1989). Water, serpents, and the underworld: An exploration into Cahokia symbolism. In Galloway, P. (ed.), The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 45–92.
Emerson, T. E. (1991a). Some perspectives on Cahokia and the northern Mississippian expansion. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 221–236.
Emerson, T. E. (1991b). The Apple River Mississippian culture of northwestern Illinois. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 164–182.
Emerson, T. E. (1992). The Mississippian dispersed village as a social and environmental strategy. In Woods, W. I. (ed.), Late Prehistoric Agriculture: Observations from the Midwest, Studies in Illinois Archaeology, No. 8, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 198–216.
Emerson, T. E. (1995). Settlement, Symbolism, and Hegemony in the Cahokian Countryside, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Emerson, T. E. (1997a). Cahokian elite ideology and the Mississippian cosmos. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 190–128.
Emerson, T. E. (1997b). Reflections from the countryside on Cahokian hegemony. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 167–189.
Emerson, T. E., (1997c). Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Emerson, T. E., and Jackson, D. K. (1984). The BBB Motor Site (11-Ms-595), American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 6, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Emerson, T. E., and Milner, G. R. (1981). The Mississippian occupation of the American Bottom: The communities. Paper presented at 26th Annual Midwest Archaeological Conference, Madison, WI.
Emerson, T. E., Hedman, K., Simon, M., and Williams, V. (1996). New data and preliminary insights into the Cahokian collapse. Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.
Esarey, D., and Pauketat, T. R. (1992). The Lohmann Site: An Early Mississippian Center in the American Bottom, American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 25, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Farnsworth, K. B., Emerson, T. E., and Glenn, R. M. (1991). Patterns of Late Woodland/Mississippian interaction in the lower Illinois River drainage: A view from Starr Village. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 83–118.
Ferguson, L. (1992). Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650–1800, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Finney, F. A. (1985). The Carbon Dioxide Site, American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 11, Part 1, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Finney, F. A., and Stoltman, J. B. (1991). The Fred Edwards site: A case of Stirling phase culture contact in southwestern Wisconsin. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 229–252.
Fowler, M. L. (1974). Cahokia: Ancient capital of the Midwest. Addison-Wesley Module in Anthropology 48: 3–38.
Fowler, M. L. (1975). A Pre-Columbian urban center on the Mississippi. Scientific American 233(2): 92–101.
Fowler, M. L. (1978). Cahokia and the American Bottom: Settlement archaeology. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), Mississippian Settlement Patterns, Academic Press, New York, pp. 455–478.
Fowler, M. L. (1989). The Cahokia Atlas: A Historical Atlas of Cahokia Archaeology, Studies in Illinois Archaeology, No. 6, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Fowler, M. L. (1991). Mound 72 and early Mississippian at Cahokia. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 1–28.
Fowler, M. L., and Hall, R. L. (1975). Archaeological phases at Cahokia. In Perspectives in Cahokia Archaeology, Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin, No. 10, Urbana, pp. 1–14.
Fowler, M. L., and Hall, R. L. (1978). Late prehistory of the Illinois area. In Trigger, B. G. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 560–568.
Freimuth, G. A. (1974). The Lunsford-Pulcher Site: An Examination of Selected Traits and Their Social Implications in American Bottom Prehistory, Unpublished pre-dissertation paper, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Friedman, J. A., and Rowlands, M. (1978). Notes towards an epigenetic model of the evolution of ‘civilisation’. In Friedman, J., and Rowlands, M. (eds.), The Evolution of Social Systems, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, pp. 201–276.
Fritz, G. J. (1992). “Newer,” “better” maize and the Mississippian emergence: A critique of prime mover explanations. In Woods, W. I. (ed.), Late Prehistoric Agriculture: Observations from the Midwest, Studies in Illinois Archaeology, No. 8, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 19–43.
Fritz, G. J., and Johannessen, S. (1996). Social differentiation in the American Bottom: Late prehistoric plant remains from household, communal, and ceremonial contexts. Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.
Garland, E. B. (1992). The Obion Site: An Early Mississippian Center in Western Tennessee, Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Report of Investigation, No. 7, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State.
Gibbon, G. E. (1974). A model of Mississippian development and its implications for the Red Wing area. In Johnson, E. (ed.), Aspects of Upper Great Lakes Anthropology, Minnesota Prehistoric Archaeology Series, No. 11, pp. 129–137.
Gibbon, G. E. (1991). The Middle Mississippian presence in Minnesota. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 205–220.
Gibbon, G. E., and Dobbs, C. A. (1991). The Mississippian presence in the Red Wing area, Minnesota. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 281–305.
Goldstein, L. (1991). The implications of Aztalan's location. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 209–227.
Goldstein, L. G., and Richards, J. D. (1991). Ancient Aztalan: The cultural and ecological context of a late prehistoric site in the Midwest. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 193–206.
Goodman, C. G. (1984). Copper Artifacts in Late Eastern Woodlands Prehistory, Center for American Archeology, Evanston, IL.
Green, W., and Rodell, R. L. (1994). The Mississippian presence and Cahokia interaction at Trempealeau, Wisconsin. American Antiquity 59: 334–359.
Gregg, M. L. (1975a). A population estimate for Cahokia. In Perspectives in Cahokia Archaeology, Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin, No. 10, Urbana, pp. 126–136.
Gregg, M. L. (1975b). Settlement Morphology and Production Specialization: The Horseshoe Lake Site, a Case Study, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Griffin, J. B. (1977). The University of Michigan excavations at the Pulcher site in 1950. American Antiquity 42: 462–490.
Griffin, J. B. (1993). Cahokia interaction with contemporary southeastern and eastern societies. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 18: 3–17.
Hall, R. L. (1967). The Mississippian heartland and its Plains relationship. Plains Anthropologist 12: 175–183.
Hall, R. L. (1991). Cahokia identity and interaction models of Cahokia Mississippian. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 3–34.
Hally, D. J. (1993). The territorial size of Mississippian chiefdoms. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams, Archaeological Report, No. 25, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, pp. 143–168.
Hanenberger, N. H. (1990). The Olszewski site (11-S-465). In Jackson, D. K., and Hanenberger, N. H. (eds.), Selected Early Mississippian Household Sites in the American Bottom, American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 22, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 253–423.
Hargrave, M. L., Oetelaar, G. A., Lopinot, N. H., Butler, B. M., and Billings, D. (1983). The Bridges Site (11-Mr-11): A Late Prehistoric Settlement in the Central Kaskaskia Valley, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Research Paper, No. 38, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Harn, A. D. (1991). The Eveland site: Inroad to Spoon River Mississippian society. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 129–153.
Hassig, R. (1995). Anasazi violence: A view from Mesoamerica. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis.
Hassig, R. (1998). Maya war from Postclassic central Mexico. In Mesa Redonda de Palenque 1995, Instituto Nacional de Anthropologia e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico (in press).
Helms, M. W. (1992). Long-distance contacts, elite aspirations, and the age of discovery in cosmological context. In Schortman, E. M., and Urban P. A. (eds.), Resources, Power, and Interregional Interaction, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 157–174.
Henning, D. R. (1967). Mississippian influences on the eastern Plains border: An evaluation. Plains Anthropologist 12: 184–194.
Hilgeman, S. L. (1991). Angel Negative Painted design structure. Midcontinental Journal of Anthropology 16: 3–33.
Holley, G. R. (1989). The Archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT-II: Ceramics, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 11, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Holley, G. R. (1995). Microliths and the Kunnemann Tract: An assessment of craft production at the Cahokia site. Illinois Archaeology 7: 1–68.
Holley, G. R., Lopinot, N. H., Woods, W. I., and Kelly, J. E. (1989). Dynamics of community organization at prehistoric Cahokia. In MacEachern, S., Archer, D. J. W., and Garvin, R. (eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Chacmool Conference, University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary, pp. 339–349.
Holley, G. R., Lopinot, N. H., Dalan, R. A., and Woods, W. I. (1990). The Archaeology of the Cahokia Palisade: South Palisade Investigations, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 14, Part II, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Holley, G. R., Dalan, R. A., and Smith, P. A. (1993). Investigations in the Cahokia site Grand Plaza. American Antiquity 58: 306–319.
Holt, J. Z. (1993). Subsistence at the Assembly of God Church Site: A Late Woodland-Emergent Mississippian Community in the Uplands of St. Clair County, Illinois, Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York.
Holt, J. Z. (1996). AG Church site subsistence remains: The procurement and exchange of plant and animal products during the Mississippian emergence. Illinois Archaeology 8: 146–188.
Howland, H. R. (1877). Recent archaeological discoveries in the American Bottom. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Bulletin 3(5): 204–211.
Hughes, R., and Emerson, T. E. (1995). Sourcing of Cahokia Middle Mississippian flint clay figurines. Poster paper presented at the 30th International Symposium on Archaeometry, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Iseminger, W. R. (1990). Features. In Iseminger, W. R., Pauketat, T. R., Koldehoff, B., Kelly, L. S., and Blake, L., The Archaeology of the Cahokia Palisade: The East Palisade Investigations, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 14, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 18–38.
Iseminger, W. R., and Kelly, J. E. (1995). Partitioning the sacred precinct. Cahokian, Summer: 3–5.
Iseminger, W. R., Pauketat, T. R., Koldehoff, B., Kelly, L. S., and Blake, L. (eds.) (1990). The Archaeology of the Cahokia Palisade: The East Palisade Investigations, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 14, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Ives, D. J. (1984). The Crescent Hills prehistoric quarrying area: More than just rocks. In May, E. E. (ed.), Prehistoric Chert Exploitation: Studies from the Midcontinent, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper, No. 2, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 187–195.
Jackson, D. K., Fortier, A. C., and Williams, J. A. (1992). The Sponemann Site 2 (11-Ms-517): The Mississippian and Oneota Occupations, American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 24, University of Illinois Press Urbana.
Jackson, H. E., and Scott, S. L. (1995). The faunal record of the southeastern elite: The implications of economy, social relations, and ideology. Southeastern Archaeology 14: 103–119.
Johannessen, S. (1984). Paleoethnobotany. In Bareis, C. J., and Porter, J. W. (eds.), American Bottom Archaeology, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 197–214.
Johannessen, S. (1993). Food, dishes, and society in the Mississippi valley. In Scarry, M. (ed.), Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, University Press of Florida, Gainsville, pp. 182–205.
Johnson, J. K. (1987). Cahokia core technology in Mississippi: The view from the south. In Johnson, J. K., and Morrow, C. A. (eds.), The Organization of Core Technology, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 187–205.
Johnson, J. K. (1994). Prehistoric exchange in the Southeast. In Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (eds.), Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 99–125.
Kehoe, A. (1992). Cahokia as a Mesoamerican city. Paper presented at the Dumbarton Oaks Pre-Columbian Center Fellows Seminar, Washington, DC.
Keller, K. J., Kelly, J. E., and Witty, C. O. (1994). Cahokia's western periphery: Recent investigations on the Fingerhut Tract. Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Lexington, KY.
Kelly, J. E. (1980). Formative Developments at Cahokia and the Adjacent American Bottom: A Merrell Tract Perspective, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Kelly, J. E. (1984a). Late Bluff chert utilization on the Merrell Tract, Cahokia. In May, E. E. (ed.), Prehistoric Chert Exploitation: Studies from the Midcontinent, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper, No. 2, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 23–44.
Kelly, J. E. (1984b). Wells Incised plates: Their context and affinities with O'Byam Incised. Paper presented at the Paducah Ceramics Conference, Paducah, KY.
Kelly, J. E. (1990). The Emergence of Mississippian culture in the American Bottom region. In Smith, B. D. (ed.), The Mississippian Emergence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 113–152.
Kelly, J. E. (1991a). Cahokia and its role as a gateway center in interregional exchange. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 61–80.
Kelly, J. E. (1991b). The evidence for prehistoric exchange and its implications for the development of Cahokia. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 65–92.
Kelly, J. E. (1993). The Pulcher site: An archaeological and historical overview. Illinois Archaeology 5: 434–451.
Kelly, J. E. (1994). The archaeology of the East St. Louis mound center: Past and present. Illinois Archaeology 6: 1–57.
Kelly, J. E. (1997). Stirling phase socio-political activity at East St. Louis and Cahokia. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 141–166.
Kelly, J. E., and Koldehoff, B. (1996). The nature and context of the Mississippian occupation on Cahokia's western periphery: The Fingerhut and Powell Tracts. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Mid-South Archaeological Conference, Memphis, TN.
Kelly, L. S. (1979). Animal Resource Exploitation by Early Cahokia Populations on the Merrell Tract, Illinois Archaeological Survey Circular, No. 4, Urbana.
Kelly, L. S. (1990). Faunal remains. In Iseminger, W. R., Pauketat, T. R., Koldehoff, B., Kelly, L. S., and Blake, L., The Archaeology of the Cahokia Palisade: The East Palisade Investigations, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 14, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 109–134.
Kelly, L. S. (1996). Social behavior and faunal patterning at the Cahokia site. Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.
Kelly, L. S. (1997). Patterns of faunal exploitation. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 69–87.
Kelly, L. S., and Cross, P. G. (1984). Zooarchaeology. In Bareis, C. J., and Porter, J. W. (eds.), American Bottom Archaeology, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 197–214.
Keslin, R. O. (1964). Archaeological implications on the role of salt as an element of cultural diffusion. The Missouri Archaeologist 26: 1–181.
Knight, V. J. (1997). Some developmental parallels between Cahokia and Moundville. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 229–247
Koldehoff, B. (1987). The Cahokia flake tool industry: Socioeconomic implications for late prehistory in the central Mississippi valley. In Johnson, J. K., and Morrow, C. (eds.), The Organization of Core Technology, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 151–186.
Koldehoff, B. (1989). Cahokia's immediate hinterland: The Mississippian occupation of Douglas Creek. Illinois Archaeology 1: 39–68.
Koldehoff, B. (1995). An example of Moorehead phase craft production at Cahokia: Feature 17 on the Fingerhut Tract. Paper presented at the Workshop in Illinois Archaeology, Annual Meeting of the Illinois Archaeological Survey, Carbondale.
Koldehoff, B., Pauketat, T. R., and Kelly, J. E. (1993). The Emerald site and the Mississippian occupation of the central Silver Creek valley. Illinois Archaeology 5(1–2): 331–343.
Kuttruff, L. C. (1969). Lower Kaskaskia River Valley Archaeology: 1967 and 1968 Seasons, Southern Illinois Studies, University Museum, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Linder, J. E., Cartmell, T. J., and Kelly, J. E. (1979). Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Segments Under Study for FAP-413 in Madison County, Illinois, Illinois Department of Transportation, District 8, Fairview Heights.
Little, E. A. (1987). Inland waterways in the Northeast. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 12: 55–76.
Lopinot, N. H. (1992). Spatial and temporal variability in Mississippian subsistence: The archaeobotanical record. In Woods, W. I. (ed.), Late Prehistoric Agriculture: Observations from the Midwest, Studies in Illinois Archaeology, No. 8, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 44–94.
Lopinot, N. H. (1993). Demographic restructuring and political unification in the northern American Bottom. Paper presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, St. Louis.
Lopinot, N. H. (1994). A new crop of data on the Cahokian polity. In Green, W. (ed.), Agricultural Origins and Development in the Midcontinent, Office of the State Archaeologist, Report No. 19, University of Iowa, Iowa City, pp. 127–153.
Lopinot, N. H. (1997). Cahokian food production reconsidered. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 52–68.
Lopinot, N. H., and Woods, W. I. (1993). Wood overexploitation and the collapse of Cahokia. In Scarry, C. M. (ed.), Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 206–231.
Ludwickson, J., Gunderson, J. N., and Johnson, C. (1993). Select exotic artifacts from Cattle Oiler (39ST224), a Middle Missouri tradition site in central South Dakota. Plains Anthropologist 38: 151–168.
Mainfort, R. C. (1996). The Reelfoot Lake basin, Kentucky and Tennessee. In McNutt, C. H. (ed.), Prehistory of the Central Mississippi Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 77–96.
Mason, R. J., and Perino, G. (1961). Microblades at Cahokia, Illinois. American Antiquity 26: 553–557.
McConaughy, M. A. (1991). The Rench site late Late Woodland/Mississippian farming hamlet from the central Illinois River valley: Food for thought. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, pp. 101–128.
McElrath, D. L., and Finney, F. A. (1987). The George Reeves Site, American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 15, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Mehrer, M. W. (1995). Cahokia's Countryside: Household Archaeology, Settlement Patterns, and Social Power, Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb.
Mehrer, M. W., and Collins, J. M. (1995). Household archaeology at Cahokia and its hinterlands. In Rogers, J. D., and Smith, B. D. (eds.), Mississippian Communities and Households, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 32–57.
Milner, G. R. (1983). The Turner and DeMange Sites, American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 4, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Milner, G. R. (1984a). The Robinson's Lake Site (11-Ms-582), American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 10, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Milner, G. R. (1984b). Social and temporal implications of variation among American Bottom Mississippian cemeteries. American Antiquity 49: 468–488.
Milner, G. R. (1986). Mississippian period population density in a segment of the central Mississippi valley. American Antiquity 51: 227–238.
Milner, G. R. (1990). The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi river valley: Foundations, florescence, and fragmentation. Journal of World Prehistory 4: 1–43.
Milner, G. R. (1991). American Bottom Mississippian culture: Internal developments and external relations. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 29–47.
Milner, G. R. (1992). Health and cultural change in the late prehistoric American Bottom, Illinois. In Powell, M. L. (ed.), What Mean These Bones? Studies in Southeastern Bioarchaeology, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 52–69.
Milner, G. R. (1993). Settlements amidst swamps. Illinois Archaeology 5: 374–380.
Milner, G. R. (1996). Development and dissolution of a Mississippian society in the American Bottom, Illinois. In Scarry, J. F. (ed.), Political Structure and Change in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, pp. 27–52.
Milner, G. R., Emerson, T. E., Mehrer, M. W., Williams, J. A., and Esarey, D. (1984). Mississippian and Oneota period. In Bareis, C. J., and Porter, J. W. (eds.), American Bottom Archaeology, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 158–186.
Miracle, P. (1998). Faunal remains. In Pauketat, T. R. (ed.), The Archaeology of Downtown Cahokia: The Tract 15A and Dunham Tract Excavations, Studies in Archaeology, No. 1, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois, Urban (in press).
Morse, D. F., and Morse, P. A. (1983). Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley, Academic Press, New York.
Muller, J. (1984). Mississippian specialization and salt. American Antiquity 49: 489–507
Muller, J. (1986). Pans and a grain of salt. American Antiquity 51: 405–409.
Muller, J. (1987). Salt, chert, and shell: Mississippian exchange and economy. In Brumfiel, E., and Earle, T. (eds.), Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 10–21.
Muller, J. (1989). The Southern cult. In Galloway, P. (ed.), The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 11–26.
Muller, J. (1995). Regional interaction in the later Southeast. In Nassaney, M. S., and Sassaman, K. E. (eds.), Native American Interactions: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 317–340.
Muller, J., and Stephens, J. E. (1991). Mississippian sociocultural adaptation. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 297–310.
O'Brien, P. J. (1972). A Formal Analysis of Cahokia Ceramic from the Powell Tract, Illinois Archaeological Survey Monograph, No. 3, Urbana.
O'Brien, P. J. (1989). Cahokia: the political capital of the “Ramey” state? North American Archaeologist 10: 275–292.
O'Brien, P. J. (1991). Early state economics: Cahokia, capital of the Ramey state. In Claessen, H. J. M., and van de Velde, P. (eds.), Early State Economics, Transaction, London, pp. 143–175.
O'Brien, P. J. (1992). The “world-system” of Cahokia within the Middle Mississippi tradition. Review 15: 389–417.
Pauketat, T. R. (1984). Mississippians in upland environments: The central Mississippi valley. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, SUNY—Buffalo.
Pauketat, T. R. (1987). Mississippian domestic economy and formation processes: A response to Prentice. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 12: 77–88.
Pauketat, T. R. (1989). Monitoring Mississippian homestead occupation span and economy using ceramic refuse. American Antiquity 54: 288–310.
Pauketat, T. R. (1990). Ceramics. In Iseminger, W. R., Pauketat, T. R., Koldehoff, B., Kelly, L. S., and Blake, L. (eds.), The Archaeology of the Cahokia Palisade: The East Palisade Investigations, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 14, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 39–76.
Pauketat, T. R. (1992). The reign and ruin of the lords of Cahokia: A dialectic of dominance. In Barker, A. W., and Pauketat, T. R. (eds.), Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 3, Washington, DC, pp. 31–52.
Pauketat, T. R. (1993). Temples for Cahokia Lords: Preston Holder's 1955–1956 Excavation of Kunnemann Mound, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, No. 26, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Pauketat, T. R. (1994). The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Pauketat, T. R. (1995). The Halliday site and the limits of Cahokian dominance. Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Pauketat, T. R. (1996a). AG Church site ceramics: Clues to community change. Illinois Archaeology 8: 85–116.
Pauketat, T. R. (1996b). The place of post-circle monuments in Cahokian political history. Wisconsin Archaeologist 77: 73–83.
Pauketat, T. R. (1996c). Resettled rural communities at the edge of early Cahokia. Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Birmingham, AL.
Pauketat, T. R. (1997a). Cahokian political economy. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 30–51.
Pauketat, T. R. (1997b). Specialization, political symbols, and the crafty elite of Cahokia. Southeastern Archaeology 16: 1–15.
Pauketat, T. R. (1998). The Archaeology of Downtown Cahokia: The Tract 15A and Dunham Tract Excavations, Studies in Archaeology, No. 1, University of Illinois, Urbana (in press).
Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (1991). The ideology of authority and the power of the pot. American Anthropologist 93: 919–941.
Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (1996). The production of hegemony and Mississippianism. Paper presented at the 13th Annual Visiting Scholar Conference, Material Symbols: Culture and Economy in Prehistory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (1997a). Conclusion: Cahokia and the four winds. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 269–273.
Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (1997b). Introduction: Domination and ideology in the Mississippian world. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 1–29.
Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.) (1997c). Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Pauketat, T. R., and Lopinot, N. H. (1997). Cahokian population dynamics. In Pauketat, T. R., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 103–123.
Pauketat, T. R., and Rees, M. A. (1996). Early Cahokia Project 1994 Excavations at Mound 49, Cahokia (11-S–34-2), Early Cahokia Project Papers, No. 2, Report submitted to the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Pauketat, T. R., Wells, C. L., and Woods, W. I. (1984). Cultural Resource Assessments and Testing of Specified Sites in the Rend Lake Project Area, Franklin and Jefferson Counties, Illinois, St. Louis District Cultural Resource Management Report, No. 9, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis.
Pauketat, T. R., Fritz, G. A., Kelly, L. S., and Lopinot, N. H. (1993). Early Cahokia: A new research project in the American Bottom. Paper presented at the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Milwaukee.
Pauketat, T. R., Rees, M. A., and Pauketat, S. L. (1996). An Archaeological Survey of the Horseshoe Lake State Recreation Area, Madison County, Illinois, Quaternary Studies Program, Technical Report, No. 95–899-34, Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
Peregrine, P. N. (1991a). A graph-theoretic approach to the evolution of Cahokia. American Antiquity 56: 66–75.
Peregrine, P. N. (1991b). Prehistoric chiefdoms on the American midcontinent: A world-system based on prestige-goods. In Chase-Dunn, C., and Hall, T. (eds.), Core/Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 193–211.
Peregrine, P. N. (1992a). Mississippian Evolution: A World-System Perspective, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 1, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.
Peregrine, P. N. (1992b). Social change in the Woodland-Mississippian transition: A study of household and community patterns. North American Archaeologist 13: 131–147.
Peregrine, P. N. (1995). Networks of power: The Mississippian world-system. In Nassaney, M. S., and Sassaman, K. E. (eds.), Native American Interactions: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 247–265.
Plog, F. T. (1973). Diachronic anthropology. In Redman, C. L. (ed.), Research and Theory in Current Archaeology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 181–198.
Porter, J. W. (1963). Bluff Pottery Analysis—Thin Section Experiment No. 3: Paste and Temper Variations in One Bluff Pottery Variety, Lithic Laboratory Research Report, No. 5, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Porter, J. W. (1974). Cahokia Archaeology as Viewed from the Mitchell Site: A Satellite Community at A.D. 1150–1200, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Porter, J. W. (1977). The Mitchell site and prehistoric exchange systems at Cahokia: A.D. 1000 ± 300. In Fowler, M. L. (ed.), Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology, 2nd rev. ed., Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin, No. 7, Urbana, pp. 137–164.
Prentice, G. (1983). Cottage industries: Concepts and implications. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 8: 17–48.
Prentice, G. (1985). Economic differentiation among Mississippian farmsteads. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 10: 77–122.
Pulcher, R. E. (1985). St. Louis Harbor Project Pedestrian Survey, Madison County, Illinois, St. Louis District Cultural Resource Management Reports, No. 24, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, MO.
Reed, N. A., Bennett, J. W., and Porter, J. W. (1968). Solid core drilling of Monks Mound: Technique and findings. American Antiquity 33: 137–148.
Renfrew, C. (1975). Trade as action at a distance: Questions of integration and communication. In Sabloff, J. A., and Lamborg-Karlovsky, C. C. (eds.), Ancient Civilization and Trade, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 1–60.
Rindos, D., and Johannessen, S. (1991). Human-plant interactions and cultural change in the American Bottom. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 35–45.
Rodell, R. L. (1991). The Diamond Bluff site complex and Cahokia influence in the Red Wing locality. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 253–280.
Rohrbaugh, C. (1995). The Walmart Site (11MS1369): A Lohmann Phase Component of the Northern American Bottom, Archaeological Consultants, Normal, IL.
Rose, J. C., and Cohen, J. (1974). Skeletal biology, Mound 72. Paper presented at the 39th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.
Rose, J. C., and Hartnady, P. (1987). Bioarchaeology of Mound 72 Cahokia. Paper presented at the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Milwaukee.
Saitta, D. J. (1994). Agency, class, and archaeological interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13: 201–227.
Scarry, J., and McEwan, B. G. (1995). Domestic architecture in Apalachee Province: Apalachee and Spanish residential styles in the Late Prehistoric and early Historic Period Southeast. American Antiquity 60: 482–495.
Schober, T. M., and Ambrose, S. H. (1995). Reevaluation of maize introduction in west-central Illinois: The evidence of bone carbonate and collagen. Paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Society of American Archaeology, Minneapolis.
Service, E. R. (1962). Primitive Social Organization, Random House, New York.
Skele, M. (1988). The Great Knob: Interpretations of Monks Mound, Studies in Illinois Archaeology, No. 4, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Smith, B. D. (1992). Mississippian elites and solar alignments: A reflection of managerial necessity, or levers of social inequality? In Barker, A. W., and Pauketat, T. R. (eds.), Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 3, Washington, DC, pp. 11–30.
Smith, H. M. (1977). The Murdock Mound: Cahokia site. In Fowler, M. L. (ed.), Explorations Into Cahokia Archaeology, 2nd rev. ed., Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin, No. 7, Urbana, pp. 49–88.
Steponaitis, V. P. (1991). Contrasting patterns of Mississippian development. In Earle, T. (ed.), Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 193–228.
Steponaitis, V. P., Blackman, M. J., and Neff, H. (1996). Large-scale patterns in the chemical composition of Mississippian pottery. American Antiquity 61: 555–572.
Stoltman, J. B. (1991). Cahokia as seen from the peripheries. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 349–354.
Tanner, H. H. (1989). The land and water communication systems of the southeastern Indians. In Wood, P. H., Waselkov, G. A., and Hatley, M. T. (eds.), Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 6–20.
Tiffany, J. A. (1991a). Modeling Mill Creek-Mississippian interaction. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 319–347.
Tiffany, J. A. (1991b). Models of Mississippian culture history in the western Prairie Peninsula: A perspective from Iowa. In Emerson, T. E. and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 183–192.
Trigger, B. G. (1990). Monumental architecture: A thermodynmanic explanation of symbolic behaviour. World Archaeology 22: 119–132.
Trigger, B. G. (1991). Distinguished lecture in archeology: Constraint and freedom—a new synthesis for archeological explanation. American Anthropologist 93: 551–569.
Trubitt, M. B. D. (1996). Household Status, Marine Shell Bead Production, and the Development of Cahokia in the Mississippian Period, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
Vanderwarker, A. (1995). Untitled manuscript on the faunal remains from the Horseshoe Lake, Morrison, and Cahokia sites. State University of New York, Buffalo.
Voigt, E. E. (1985). Archaeological Testing of the Bauman Site (23STG158), St. Louis District Cultural Resource Management Report, No. 23, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, MO.
Wagner, M. J. (1986). The Bonnie Creek Site: A Late Mississippian Homestead in the Upper Galum Creek Valley, Perry County, Illinois, American Resources Group, Preservation Series, No. 3, Carbondale.
Walthall, J. A. (1981). Galena and Aboriginal Trade in Eastern North America, Scientific Papers, No. 27, Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
Welch, P. D. (1991). Moundville's Economy, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Wilson, G. D. (1996). Insight through icons. Illinois Archaeology 8: 23–37.
Winters, H. D. (1974). Some unusual grave goods from a Mississippian burial mound. Indian Notes 10: 34–46.
Wittry, W. L., Arnold, J. C., Witty, C. O., and Pauketat, T. R. (1994). The Holdener Site: Late Woodland, Emergent Mississippian, and Mississippian Occupations in the American Bottom Uplands, American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Reports, No. 26, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Woods, W. I., and Holley, G. R. (1991). Upland Mississippian settlement in the American Bottom region. In Emerson, T. E., and Lewis, R. B. (eds.), Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 46–60.
Wright, H. T., Miller, N., and Redding, R. (1980). Time and process in an Uruk rural center. In Barrelet, M.-T. (ed.), L'Archéologie de l'Iraq du début de l'epoche néolitique à 333 avant notre ère: perspectives et limites de l'interpretation anthropologique des documents, Paris Éditions du Centre National de al Recherche Scientifique, pp. 265–284.
Yerkes, R. W. (1983). Microwear, microdrills, and Mississippian craft specialization. American Antiquity 48: 499–518.
Yerkes, R. W. (1991). Specialization in shell artifact production at Cahokia. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 49–64.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENT LITERATURE
Brown, J. A. (1996). The Spiro Ceremonial Center: The Archaeology of Arkansas Valley Caddoan Culture in Eastern Oklahoma, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, No. 29, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Collins, J. M., Skele, M., and Sweitzer, C. A. (1993). Some modern C-transforms at Cahokia: A conversation with Clyde Sweitzer. Illinois Archaeology 5: 4–13.
Dalan, R. A. (1991). Defining archaeological features with electromagnetic surveys at the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Geophysics 56: 1280–1287.
Dalan, R. A. (1993). Issues of scale in archaeogeophysical research. In Stein, J. K., and Linse, A. R. (eds.), Effects of Scale on Archaeological and Geoscientific Perspectives, Geological Society of America, Special Paper, No. 283, Boulder, CO, pp. 67–78.
Dalan, R. A. (1993). Landscape Modification at the Cahokia Mounds Site: Geophysical Evidence of Culture Change, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Dalan, R. A., and Banerjee, S. K. (1996). Soil magnetism, an approach for examining archaeological landscapes. Geophysical Research Letters 23: 185–188.
Dalan, R. A., Holley, G. R., and Watters, H. W., Jr. (1993). An Assessment of Moorehead's Investigations at Mound 56, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Unpublished report submitted to the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Dalan, R. A., Watters, H. W., Jr., Holley, G. R., and Woods, W. I. (1994). 6th Annual Cahokia Mounds Field School Understanding Mound Construction, Report submitted to the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
DeMott, R. C., Marcucci, D. J., and Williams, J. A. (1993). Chipped lithic materials. In The Archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT-II: Testing and Lithics, Part II, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 9, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, pp. 1–135.
Emerson, T. E., and Brown, J. A. (1992). The late prehistory and protohistory of Illinois. In Walthall, J. A., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Calumet and Fleur-de-Lys: Archaeology of Indian and French Contact in the Midcontinent, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 77–128.
Emerson, T. E., and Woods, W. I. (1993). Saving the Great Nobb: A case study in the preservation of Cahokia's Monks Mound through passive management. Illinios Archaeology 5: 100–107.
Esarey, D., and Johannessen, S. (1994). The Joan Carrie site: A short-term Patrick and Dohack phase occupation on the American Bottom bluff edge. Illinois Archaeology 6: 58–97.
Finney, F. A. (1993). Spatially isolated structures in the Cahokia locality: Short-term residences or special-purpose shelters? Illinois Archaeology 5: 381–392.
Fortier, A. C. (1995). The Vogt petroglyph complex in Monroe County, Illinois. Illinois Archaeology 7: 82–101.
Fortier, A. C., Maher, T. O., and Williams, J. A. (1991). The Sponemann Site: The Formative Emergent Mississippian Sponemann Phase Occupations, American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, No. 23, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Fowler, M. L. (1998). The Mound 72 Area: Dedicated and Sacred Space in Early Cahokia, Scientific Papers, Illinois State Museum, Springfield (in press).
Gums, B. L. (1993). Groundstone tools, modified rock, and exotic materials. In The Archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT-II: Testing and Lithics, Part III, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 9, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Gums, B. L., and Holley, G. R. (1991). Archaeology at the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site: Limited Excavations at the Falcon Drive-In, St. Clair County, Illinois, Archaeology Program Research Report, No. 8, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville.
Hajic, E. R. (1993). Geomorphology of the northern American Bottom as context for archaeology. Illinois Archaeology 5: 54–65.
Hanson Engineers Incorporated (1994). Phase III Archaeological Investigations at Site GC#1 (11-MS-1380), a Mississippian Farmstead near Horseshoe Lake, Madison County, Illinois, Report submitted to National Steel Corporation, Granite City, IL.
Harl, J. L. (1991). An Alternative Explanation for the Shift from a Late Woodland to a Mississippian Lifestyle Based on Evidence from the Bridgeton Site (23SL442) and Other Sites Along the Lower Missouri River Valley, Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
Holley, G. R., Dalan, R. A., and Watters, H. W., Jr. (1992). Archaeological Investigations at the Rouch Mound Group, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Report submitted to the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Holley, G. R., Dalan, R. A., Watters, H. W., Jr., and Harper, J. N. (1995). Investigations at the Tippetts Mound Group, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Report submitted to the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Holley, G. R., Dalan, R. A., and Watters, H. W., Jr. (1996). Investigations at the West Borrow Pit Mound Group, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Report submitted to the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Iseminger, W. R. (1993). The Monks of Cahokia. Illinois Archaeology 5: 14–23.
Jackson, D. K. (1993). The Determann Borrow site: A Mississipian occupation on the Silver Creek drainage. Illinois Archaeology 5: 355–364.
Johnson, E. (1991). Cambria and Cahokia's northwestern periphery. In Stoltman, J. B. (ed.), New Perspectives on Cahokia: Views from the Periphery, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 2, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 307–317.
Kelly, J. E. (1995). The Fingers and Curtiss Steinberg Road Sites: Two Stirling Phase Mississippian Farmsteads in the Goose Lake Locality, Transportation Archaeological Research Reports, No. 1, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Urbana.
Kelly, L. S. (1991). Zooarchaeological remains. In Lopinot, N. H., Kelly, L. S., Milner, G. R., and Paine, R. (eds.), The Archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT-II: Biological Remains, Part 2, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 13, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Klepinger, L. L. (1993). The skeletons of Fingerhut: An early Cahokia cemetery. Illinois Archaeology 5: 421–424.
Koldehoff, B. (1995). The Bunkum Road site: A Stirling phase midden in the American Bottom. Illinois Antiquity 30(3): 4–5.
Koldehoff, B., and Kassly-Kane, E. A. (1995). An engraved Cahokia discoidal from the uplands of St. Clair County, Illinois. Illinois Antiquity 30(1): 4–7.
Koldehoff, B., and Kearns, R. (1993). Using stone tools to detect Mississippian homesteads. Illinois Antiquity 28(3): 4–8.
Koldehoff, B., and Kinsella, L. (1995). The Chapel Hill copper plate. Illinois Antiquity 30(4): 4–7.
Lopinot, N. H. (1991). Archaeobotanical remains. In Lopinot, N. H., Kelly, L. S., Milner, G. R., and Paine, R. (eds.), The Archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT-II: Biological Remains, Part 1, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 13, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Lopinot, N. H., Brown, A. J., and Holley, G. R. (1993). Archaeological investigations on the western periphery of the Cahokia site. Illinois Archaeology 5: 407–420.
Marshall, J. B. (1992). The St. Louis mound group: Historical accounts and pictorial descriptions. Missouri Archaeologist 53: 43–79.
Milner, G. R., and Paine, R. (1991). Human skeletal remains. In Lopinot, N. H., Kelly, L. S., Milner, G. R., and Paine, R. (eds.), The Archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT-II: Biological Remains, Part 3, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 13, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Milner, G. R., and Schroeder, S. (1992). The Guy Smith site and stone-box graves: New perspectives from old collections. Illinois Archaeology 4: 49–73.
O'Brien, P. J. (1993). Cultural taxonomy, cross-cultural types, and Cahokia. Illinois Archaeology 5: 481–497.
O'Brien, P. J. (1994). Prehistoric politics: Petroglyphs and the political boundaries of Cahokia. Gateway Heritage, Summer: 30–47, Quarterly Magazine of the Missouri Historical Society.
Pauketat, T. R. (1991). The Dynamics of Pre-State Political Centralization in the North American Midcontinent, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Pauketat, T. R. (1993). Preliminary observations of building density at Cahokia's Tract 15A and Dunham Tract. Illinois Archaeology 5: 402–406.
Pauketat, T. R. (1995). Additional notes on the burned building beneath Cahokia's Kunnemann Mound. Illinois Archaeology 7: 102–108.
Pauketat, T. R. (1995). Cahokia: Ein präkolumbianisches politisches Zentrum in Nordamerika. Das Altertum 41: 99–108.
Riley, T. J., and Said, C. (1993). Fly ash analysis supports Emergent Mississippian agricultural features at the Lunsford-Pulcher site (11-S-40) in the American Bottom, Illinois. Plains Anthropologist 38: 177–186.
Sampson, K., and Esarey, D. (1993). A survey of elaborate Mississippian copper artifacts from Illinois. Illinois Archaeology 5: 452–480.
Stephens, J. E. (1993). Settlement plans and community social interaction: An example from the Knoebel site in southwestern Illinois. Illinois Archaeology 5: 344–354.
Stoltman, J. B. (1992). Petrographic observations on six ceramic vessels bearing on the issue of external cultural influences at Obion. In Garland, E. B. (ed.), The Obion Site: An Early Mississippian Center in Western Tennessee, Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Report of Investigation, No. 7, Mississippi State University, pp. 209–212.
Vogel, J. O. (1990). An indication of change in domestic production in descent commissioned nonmarket economies. North American Archaeologist 11: 375–380.
Webb, P. A. (1992). The Petitt Site (11-Ax-253), Alexander County, Illinois, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Research Paper, No. 58, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Welch, P. D. (1996). Mississippian occupations at Shiloh and Savannah, Tennessee. Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Birmingham, AL.
West, J. A. (1993). Sand Prairie phase human remains from the multicomponent Schlemmer site in the American Bottom. Illinois Archaeology 5: 393–401.
Witty, C. O. (1993). The Fingerhut (11S34/7) cemetery three decades later. Illinois Archaeology 5: 425–433.
Wolforth, T. (1992). Archaeological Investigations at the Greenhouse Site (11-Ms-140), Monroe County, Illinois, Resource Investigation Program, Research Reports, No. 39, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Woods, W. I. (1993). ICT-II phase II testing. In The Archaeology of the Cahokia Mounds ICT-II: Testing and Lithics, Part I, Illinois Cultural Resources Study, No. 9, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pauketat, T.R. Refiguring the Archaeology of Greater Cahokia. Journal of Archaeological Research 6, 45–89 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022839329522
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022839329522