Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T06:33:04.672Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early-life adversity and risk for depression and anxiety: The role of interpersonal support

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2022

Allison V. Metts Open the ORCID record for Allison V. Metts [Opens in a new window] ,
Julia S. Yarrington ,
Richard Zinbarg ,
Constance Hammen ,
Susan Mineka ,
Craig Enders  and
Michelle G. Craske
Allison V. Metts
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Julia S. Yarrington
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Richard Zinbarg
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA The Family Institute at Northwestern University, 618 Library Place, Evanston, IL, USA
Constance Hammen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Susan Mineka
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Craig Enders
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Michelle G. Craske*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
*
Corresponding author: Michelle G. Craske, email: mcraske@mednet.ucla.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Early-life adversity is a major risk factor for psychopathology, but not all who experience adversity develop psychopathology. The current study evaluated whether the links between child and adolescent adversity and depression and anxiety were described by general benefits and/or buffering effects of interpersonal support. Data from 456 adolescents oversampled on neuroticism over a 5-year period were examined in a series of discrete-time survival analyses to predict subsequent disorder onsets. Models examined linear, quadratic, and interactive effects of interpersonal support over time, as measured by chronic interpersonal stress interview ratings. Results did not support buffering effects of interpersonal support against either child or adolescent adversity in predicting depression or anxiety. However, there was support for the general benefits model of interpersonal support as evidenced by follow-up analyses of significant quadratic effects of interpersonal support, demonstrating that higher interpersonal support led to decreased likelihood of depression and anxiety onsets. Secondary analyses demonstrated that effects of interpersonal support remained after accounting for baseline depression and anxiety diagnoses. Further, quadratic effects were driven by social domains as opposed to familial domains when considering child adversity. Implications for interventions and randomized controlled prevention trials regarding interpersonal relationships are discussed.

Keywords

anxietydepressionearly-life adversitygeneral benefitsinterpersonal support
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 2 , May 2023 , pp. 863 - 875
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alegría, M., NeMoyer, A., Bagué, I. F., Wang, Y., & Alvarez, K. (2018). Social determinants of mental health: where we are and where we need to go. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(11), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0969-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2021). Advances in Bayesian model fit evaluation for structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1764360 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, J. R., Reuben, A., Newbury, J. B., & Danese, A. (2019). Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(6), 584–593. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Björkenstam, E., Vinnerljung, B., & Hjern, A. (2017). Impact of childhood adversities on depression in early adulthood: a longitudinal cohort study of 478,141 individuals in Sweden. Journal of Affective Disorders, 223, 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.030 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolger, N., & Eckenrode, J. (1991). Social relationships, personality, and anxiety during a major stressful event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.440 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G., & Harris, T. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. Thomson Learning (EMEA) Ltd.Google Scholar
Burton, E., Stice, E., & Seeley, J. R. (2004). A prospective test of the stress-buffering model of depression in adolescent girls: no support once again. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.689 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2013). Annual research review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children–past, present, and future perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 402–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02608.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1995). Failures in the expectable environment and their impact on individual development: The case of child maltreatment. In Cicchetti, D. & J. Cohen, D. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 32–71). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597–600. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400007318 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B. H., & Underwood, L.G. (2000). Social relationships and health. In Cohen, S., Underwood, L.G., & Gottlieb, B. H. (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 3–25). New York: Oxford Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, D. A., Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.112.4.558 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., Sachs-Ericsson, N., Keough, M. E., & Riccardi, C. J. (2010). Examining the unique relationships between anxiety disorders and childhood physical and sexual abuse in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Psychiatry Research, 177(1-2), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., & Dour, H. J. (2016). Treatment for anhedonia: A neuroscience driven approach. Depression and Anxiety, 33(10), 927–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalsgaard, S., Thorsteinsson, E., Trabjerg, B. B., Schullehner, J., Plana-Ripoll, O., Brikell, I., Wimberley, T., Thygesen, M., Madsen, K. B., Timmerman, A., Schendel, D., McGrath, J. J., Mortensen, P. B., & Pedersen, C. B. (2020). Incidence rates and cumulative incidences of the full spectrum of diagnosed mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3523 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Davidson, L. M., Hodgson, K. K., and Rebus, P. J. (2005) The relationship between social support and student adjustment: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology in the Schools, 42, 691–706. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20120 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Nardo, P. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety disorders interview schedule—revised (ADIS-R). Phobia and Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Center for Stress and Anxiety Disorders, State University of New York at Albany.Google Scholar
Dingfelder, H. E., Jaffee, S. R., & Mandell, D. S. (2010). The impact of social support on depressive symptoms among adolescents in the child welfare system: A propensity score analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(10), 1255–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.04.016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doane, L. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M., Griffith, J. W., & Adam, E. K. (2013). Are flatter diurnal cortisol rhythms associated with major depression and anxiety disorders in late adolescence? The role of life stress and daily negative emotion. Development and Psychopathology, 25(3), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000060 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dohrenwend, B. P. (2006). Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 477. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.477 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enders, C. K., Du, H., & Keller, B. T. (2020). A model-based imputation procedure for multilevel regression models with random coefficients, interaction effects, and other nonlinear terms. Psychological Methods, 25, 88–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000228 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (junior and adult). London, England: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, L. A., Bernstein, D., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., & Lovejoy, M. (1995). Initial reliability and validity of the childhood trauma interview: a new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(9), 1329–1335. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.9.1329 Google ScholarPubMed
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2015). Prevalence of childhood exposure to violence, crime, and abuse: Results from the national survey of children’s exposure to violence. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 746–754. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0676 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L, Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, research version, non-patient edition (SCID-I/NP). New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Gekker, M., Coutinho, E. S. F., Berger, W., da Luz, M. P., de Araújo, A. X. G., da Costa Pagotto, L. F. A., Marques-Portella, C., Figueira, I., & Mendlowicz, M. V. (2018). Early scars are forever: Childhood abuse in patients with adult-onset PTSD is associated with increased prevalence and severity of psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatry Research, 267, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.042 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelman, A., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Statistical Science, 7, 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177011136 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibb, B. E., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2007). Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depression and Anxiety, 24(4), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20238 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilman, S. E., Kawachi, I., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Buka, S. L. (2003). Socio-economic status, family disruption and residential stability in childhood: Relation to onset, recurrence and remission of major depression. Psychological Medicine, 33(8), 1341–1355. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703008377 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gore, S., & Aseltine, H. Jr (1995). Protective processes in adolescence: Matching stressors with social resources. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(3), 301–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02506947 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gurung, R., Sarason, B., & Sarason, I. (1997). Close personal relationships and health outcomes: A key to the role of social support. Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (2nd ed.) Chichester, UK: Wiley, 547–573.Google Scholar
Hammen, C. (1991). Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.555 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, C. (2018). Risk factors for depression: An autobiographical review. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084811 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, C., Adrian, C., Gordon, D., Burge, D., Jaenicke, C., & Hiroto, D. (1987). Children of depressed mothers: Maternal strain and symptom predictors of dysfunction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 190. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.96.3.190 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayward, C., Killen, J. D., Kraemer, H. C., & Taylor, C. B. (2000). Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(2), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200002000-00021 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazel, N., Hammen, C., Brennan, P., & Najman, J. (2008). Early childhood adversity and adolescent depression: The mediating role of continued stress. Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 581–589. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708002857 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. New Haven, CT: Yale University Department of Sociology.Google Scholar
Kahn, R. L., & Antonucci, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment, roles, and social support. In Baltes, P. B. & Brim, O. G. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 254–283). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. (2015). A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, 1–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X1400082X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J., Montalvo-Ortiz, J. L., & Lee, R. S. (2019). Understanding risk and resilience in maltreated children: Emerging findings from translational, genetic, neuroimaging, and treatment studies. Genes, Brain, and Emotions, 304–323. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793014.003.0021 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, B. T., & Enders, C. K. (2021). Blimp user’s guide (Version 3). Retrieved from www.appliedmissingdata.com/multilevel-imputation.html Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2005). Sex differences in the relationship between social support and risk for major depression: a longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.250 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, A. C., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., & Greeson, M. (2010). The impact of family and community violence on children’s depression trajectories: Examining the interactions of violence exposure, family social support, and gender. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018787 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., & Magee, W. J. (1993). Childhood adversities and adult depression: basic patterns of association in a US national survey. Psychological Medicine, 23(3), 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700025460 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alhamzawi, A. O., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Chatterji, S., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Fayyad, J., Florescu, S., Gal, G., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M. … Williams, D. R. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(5), 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1359 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.692 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manly, J. T. (2005). Advances in research definitions of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(5), 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.04.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manly, J. T., Kim, J. E., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Dimensions of child maltreatment and children’s adjustment: Contributions of developmental timing and subtype. Development and Psychopathology, 13(4), 759–782. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401004023 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markowitz, J. C., & Weissman, M. M. (2004). Interpersonal psychotherapy: principles and applications. World Psychiatry, 3(3), 136–139.Google ScholarPubMed
Marroquín, B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(8), 1276–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425–444. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400005812 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). Resilience in development: Progress and transformation. Developmental Psychopathology, 1–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406 Google Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Future directions in childhood adversity and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A., & King, K. (2015). Developmental trajectories of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(2), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9898-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metts, A., Zinbarg, R., Hammen, C., Mineka, S., & Craske, M. G. (2020). Extraversion and interpersonal support as risk, resource, and protective factors in the prediction of unipolar mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000643 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J. W., Stromeyer, W. R., & Schwieterman, M. A. (2013). Extensions of the Johnson-Neyman technique to linear models with curvilinear effects: Derivations and analytical tools. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 48(2), 267–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2013.763567 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monroe, S. (2008). Modern approaches to conceptualizing and measuring human life stress. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141207 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreno-Peral, P., Conejo-Cerón, S., Motrico, E., Rodríguez-Morejón, A., Fernández, A., García-Campayo, J., Roca, M., Serrano-Blanco, A., Rubio-Valera, M., & Bellón, J. Á. (2014). Risk factors for the onset of panic and generalised anxiety disorders in the general adult population: a systematic review of cohort studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.021 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, N. C., & Clavenna-Valleroy, J. (1998). Perceptions of maternal support as related to self-concept and self-report of depression in sexually abused female adolescents. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse: Research, Treatment, & Program Innovations for Victims, Survivors, & Offenders, 7(1), 23–40. http://doi.org/10.1300/J070v07n01_02 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [NASEM] (2019). The promise of adolescence: Realizing opportunity for all youth. National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Newbury, J. B., Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Baldwin, J. R., & Fisher, H. L. (2018). Measuring childhood maltreatment to predict early-adult psychopathology: Comparison of prospective informant-reports and retrospective self-reports. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 96, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.020 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romeo, R. D. (2010). Adolescence: a central event in shaping stress reactivity. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20437 Google ScholarPubMed
Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Pyun, Y., Aycock, C., & Coyle, S. (2016). A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 142(10), 1017–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000058 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwarzer, R., & Leppin, A. (1991). Social support and health: A theoretical and empirical overview. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8(1), 99–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407591081005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segrin, C. (2000). Social skills deficits associated with depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(3), 379–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00104-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shahar, G. & Henrich, C. C. (2015). Perceived family social support buffers against the effects of exposure to rocket attacks on adolescent depression, aggression, and severe violence. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000179 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spataro, J., Mullen, P. E., Burgees, P. M., Wells, D. L., Moss, S. A. (2004). Impact of child sexual abuse on mental health: Prospective study in males and females. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(5), 416–421. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.5.416 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroebe, W. & Stroebe, M. S. (1997). The social psychology of social support. In Higgins, E. T. & Kruglanski, A.W. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp.622–54). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E. (2011). Social support: A review. Oxford Handbooks Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0009 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2626957 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uliaszek, A., Hauner, K., Zinbarg, R., Mineka, S., Craske, M., Griffith, J., & Rose, R. (2009). An examination of content overlap and disorder-specific predictions in the associations of neuroticism with anxiety and depression. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.05.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Harmelen, A. L., Gibson, J. L., St Clair, M. C., Owens, M., Brodbeck, J., Dunn, V., Lewis, G., Croudace, T., Jones, P. B., Kievit, R. A. & Goodyer, I. M. (2016). Friendships and family support reduce subsequent depressive symptoms in at-risk adolescents. PloS One, 11(5), e0153715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153715 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Wolitzky-Taylor, K., Doane, L. D., Epstein, A., Sumner, J. A., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E, Craske, M. G., Isaia, A., Hammen, C., & Adam, E. K. (2014). Validating new summary indices for the Childhood Trauma Interview: Associations with first onsets of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 730–740. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036842 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, K. S., Bruce, S. E., Farrell, A. D., & Kliewer, W. (1998). Impact of exposure to community violence on anxiety: A longitudinal study of family social support as a protective factor for urban children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 7, 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022943216319 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Bobova, L., Craske, M. G., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Griffith, J. W., Wolitzky-Taylor, K., Waters, A. M., Sumner, J. A., & Anand, D. (2016). Testing a hierarchical model of neuroticism and its cognitive facets: Latent structure and prospective prediction of first onsets of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders during 3 years in late adolescence. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(5), 805–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615618162 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Craske, M. G., Griffith, J. W., Sutton, J., Rose, R. D., Nazarian, M, Mor, N., & Waters, A. M. (2010). The Northwestern-UCLA youth emotion project: Associations of cognitive vulnerabilities, neuroticism and gender with past diagnoses of emotional disorders in adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(5), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Metts et al. supplementary material

Metts et al. supplementary material 1
Download Metts et al. supplementary material(File)
File 21.3 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Metts et al. supplementary material

Metts et al. supplementary material 2
Download Metts et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 46.9 KB
Supplementary material: Image

Metts et al. supplementary material

Metts et al. supplementary material 3
Download Metts et al. supplementary material(Image)
Image 332.2 KB
Supplementary material: File

Metts et al. supplementary material

Metts et al. supplementary material 4
Download Metts et al. supplementary material(File)
File 21.8 KB