Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-15T15:37:36.873Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Naturally acquired resistance to ticks — A global view

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Y. Rechav
Y. Rechav
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Medical University of Southern Africa, P. O. Medunsa, 0204, South Africa
Get access

Abstract

A comprehensive review of the acquisition of resistance in bovine and laboratory hosts as a result of natural infestation with various species of ticks is undertaken. In this review I discuss the biological aspects of the expression of resistance, deal with acquisition of resistance to ticks by bovine and laboratory animals, give details on the environmental and physiological factors which affect the resistance and explain the mechanisms of resistance in both bovine and laboratory animals. I also deal with the relationships between ticks and their bovine hosts and emphasize the difference in the acquired resistance of individuals in the breed as well as the negative correlation between the decrease in mean weight of the ticks and the increase in the levels of globulins in the serum of the different hosts.

Aspects of cross resistance by hosts to different species of ticks are also discussed in this review.

Résumé

Un recherche a été conduite pour investiguer l'acquisition de la résistance chez des bovins et chez des animaux de laboratoire après infestation naturelle avec plusieurs espèces des tiques. Dans ce révision on examine les aspects suivants du développement de la résistance: facteurs biologiques ayant un effect sûr la manifestation de la résistance, l'acquisition de la résistance aux tiques par des bovins et des animaux de laboratoire, facteurs de l'environnement et de facteurs physiologiques qui ont un effect sûr la résistance, les mécanismes de la résistance chez des bovins et des animaux de laboratoire. On évalue aussi les rapports entre les tiques et ses hôtes bovins, les différences dans la résistance acquisée parmi des individuels dans une espèce et aussi bien la corrélation negative entre l'index du pois perdu par les tiques et l'augmentation des niveaux des globulines sériques dans les plusieurs hôtes. Des aspects de la résistance croisée chez les hôtes pour les différents espèces de tiques sont aussi examinés.

Keywords

Hard ticksacquired resistancenatural infestationsgamma globulinslaboratory animalsbovineTiquesrésistance naturellement acquiséeinfestations naturellesgamma-globulinesanimaux de laboratoirebovins
Type
Natural Resistance to Ticks
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 13 , Special Issue 4: Status and Recent Advances in Tick Management in Africa , August 1992 , pp. 495 - 504
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allen, J. R. (1973) Tick resistance: basophils in skin reactions of resistant guinea pigs. Int. J. Parasitol. 3, 195–200.Google Scholar
Allen, J. R. (1989) Immunology of interactions between ticks and laboratory animals. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 7, 5–13.Google Scholar
Balashov, Y. S. (1972) Blood-sucking ticks (Ixodidea) — vectors of diseases of man and animals. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 8, 161–376.Google Scholar
Bishopp, F. C. (1932) The cattle tick: Its biology and control. Ph.D. dissertation. Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Bonsma, J. C. (1944) Hereditary heartwater-resistance characteristics in cattle. Farming in South Africa. February, 71–96.Google Scholar
Bowessidjaou, J., Brossard, M. and Aeschlimann, A. (1977) Effects and duration of resistance acquired by rabbits on feeding and egg laying in Ixodes ricinus. Experientia. 33, 528–530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S. J. (1988) Evidence for regurgitation by Amblyomma americanum. Vet. Parasitol. 28, 335–342.Google Scholar
Clarke, F. C., Els, D. A., Heller-Haupt, A., Rechav, Y. and Varma, M. G. R. (1989) Expression of acquired immunity to immature stages of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi by rabbits and guinea pigs. Med. Vet. Entomol. 3, 35–39.Google Scholar
De Castro, J. J., Newson, R. M. and Herbert, I. V. (1989) Resistance in cattle against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus with an assessment of cross-resistance to R. pulchellus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 6, 237–244.Google Scholar
Dicker, R. W. and Sutherst, R. W. (1981) Control of the bush tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) with zebu x European cattle. Aust. Vet. J. 57, 66–68.Google Scholar
Dipeolu, O. O. (1989) Research on ticks of livestock in Africa: Review of the trends, advances and milestones in tick biology and ecology in the decade 1980–1989. Insect Sci. Applic. 10, 723–740.Google Scholar
Elder, J. K., Kearnan, J. F., Waters, K. S., Dunwell, G. H., Emmerson, S. G., Knott, S. G. and Morris, R.S. (1980) A survey concerning cattle tick control in Queensland. 4. Use of resistant cattle and pasture spelling. Aust. Vet. J. 56, 219–223.Google Scholar
Fielden, L. J., Rechav, Y. and Bryson, N. R. (1992) Acquired immunity to larvae of Amblyomma marmoreum and A. hebraeum by tortoises, guinea-pigs and guinea-fowl. Med. Vet. Entomol. 6 (in press).Google Scholar
Fivaz, B. H. (1990) Immunological responses of the rabbit host to infestation by the brown ear-tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acarina: Ixodidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 9, 219–238.Google Scholar
Fivaz, B. H. and Norval, R. A. I. (1989) Observations on successive infestations of the rabbit host by the ticks Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambiensis (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 7, 267–279.Google Scholar
Fivaz, B. H. and Norval, R. A. I. (1990) Immunity of the ox to the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 8, 51–63.Google Scholar
Fujisaki, R., Takeucht, S. and Kitaoka, S. (1980) Development of acquired resistance and production of precipitating and complement-fixing antibodies in rabbits repeatedly infested with females of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Jap. J. Vet. Sci. 42, 587–593.Google Scholar
Garris, E. I., Stacey, B. R., Hair, J. A. and McNew, R. W. (1979) A comparison of Lone Star ticks on Brahman and Hereford cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 72, 869–872.Google Scholar
George, J. E., Osbum, R. L. and Wikel, S. K. (1985) Acquisition and expression of resistance by Bos indicus and Bos indicus x B. taurus calves to Amblyomma americanum infestation. J. Parasitol. 71, 174–182.Google Scholar
Gladney, W. J., Graham, O. H., Trevino, J. L. and Ernst, S. E. (1973) Boophilus annulatus: effect of host nutrition on development of female ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 10, 123–130.Google Scholar
Heller-Haupt, A., Varma, M. G. R. and Langi, A. O. (1981) Acquired resistance to ixodid ticks in laboratory animals. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 147–148.Google Scholar
Hunter, W. D. and Hooker, W. A. (1907) Information concerning the North American fever tick, with notes on other species. US Bur. Entom. Bull. 72.Google Scholar
Johnston, T. H. and Bancroft, M. J. (1918) A tick-resistant condition in cattle. Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. 30, 291–317.Google Scholar
Johnston, L. A. Y. and Haydock, K. P. (1971) The effect of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) on pregnant and lactating Brahman-cross and British-breed cows in Northern Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 41, 295–299.Google Scholar
Jongejan, F., Pegram, R. G., Zivkovic, D., Hensen, E. J., Mwase, E. T., Thielemans, M. J. C., Cosse, A., Niewold, T. A., Said, Ashraf el and Uilenberg, G. (1989) Monitoring of naturally acquired and artificially induced immunity to Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks under field and laboratory conditions. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 7, 181–199.Google Scholar
Kaiser, M. N., Sutherst, R. W. and Bourne, A. S. (1982) Relationship between ticks and zebu cattle in Southern Uganda. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 14, 63–74.Google Scholar
Kemp, D. H., Pearson, R. D., Gough, J. M. and Willadsen, P. (1989) Vaccination against Boophilus microplus: Localization of antigens of tick gut cells and their interaction with the host immune system. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 7, 43–58.Google Scholar
Kostrzewski, M. W. (1989) Differential resistance to Amblyomma hebraeum and other common South African tick species by different cattle breeds under field conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, Medical University of Southern Africa.Google Scholar
Latif, A. A. (1984) Resistance to natural tick infestations in different breeds of cattle in Sudan. Insect Sci. Applic. 5, 95–97.Google Scholar
Latif, A. A., Maina, J. N., Dhadialla, T. S. and Nokoe, S. (1990) Histological reactions to bites of Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae) fed simultaneously on naive or sensitized rabbits. J. Med. Entomol. 21, 31–323.Google Scholar
McTier, T. L., George, T. E. and Bennett, S. N. (1981) Resistance and cross-resistance of guinea pigs to Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles), D. variabilis (Say), Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) and Ixodes scapolaris (Say). J. Parasitol. 67, 813–822.Google Scholar
Mohler, J. T. and Thompson, W. (1911) A study of surra found in an importation followed by prompt eradication. US 26th Anna. Rep. Bur. Anim. Ind. 81.Google Scholar
Morrison, W. I. (1989) Immunological control of ticks and tickborne parasitic diseases of livestock. Parasitology 98, 569–585.Google Scholar
Newstead, R. (1909) Reports of the twenty-first expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Jamaica 1908–1909. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 3, 421–436.Google Scholar
Njau, B. C. and Nyindo, M. (1987) Detection of immune response in rabbits infested with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. Res. Vet. Sci. 43, 217–221.Google Scholar
Norval, R. A. I. (1978) Repeated feeding of Amblyomma hebraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae) immatures on laboratory hosts. Host effects on tick yield, engorged weight and engorgement period. J. Parasitol. 64, 910–917.Google Scholar
Norval, R. A. I. (1981) A reassessment of the role of dipping in the control of tick-borne diseases in Zimbabwe. Proc. Int. Conf. on Tick Biology and Control. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, pp. 87–90.Google Scholar
Nyindo, M., Essuman, S. and Dhadialla, T. S. (1989) Immunization against ticks: Use of salivary gland antigens and infestations with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in rabbits. J. Med. Entomol. 26, 430–434.Google Scholar
Parr, V. V. (1924) Brahman (zebu) cattle. US Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. 1361.Google Scholar
Randolph, S. E. (1979) Population regulation in ticks: the role of acquired resistance in natural and unnatural hosts. Parasitology 79, 141–156.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y. (1970) Effect of age and sex of gerbils on the attraction of immature Hyalomma excavatum (Koch 1844) (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). J. Parasitology 56, 611–614.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y. (1987) Resistance of Brahman and Hereford cattle to African ticks with reference to serum gamma globulin levels and blood composition. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 3, 219–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rechav, Y. and Dauth, J. (1987) Development of resistance in rabbits to immature stages of the Ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1, 177–183.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y. and Zeederberg, M. E. (1986) Tick populations on two breeds of cattle under field conditions with a note on blood components related to host resistance. In Morphology, Physiology and Behavioural Biology of Ticks (Edited by Sauer, J. R. and Hair, J. A.), pp. 445–456. Ellis Horwood Ltd.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y., Dauth, J., Varma, M. G. R., Clarke, F. C., Els, D. A., Heller-Haupt, A. and Dreyer, M. J. (1989a) Changes in the concentration of globulins in naive guinea pigs during feeding by the immature stages of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 26, 247–251.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y., Heller-Haupt, A. and Varma, M. G. R. (1989b) Resistance and cross-resistance in guinea pigs and rabbits to immature stages of ixodid ticks. Med. Vet. Entomol. 3, 333–336.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y., Dauth, J. and Els, D. A. (1990) Resistance of Brahman and Simmentaler cattle to African ticks. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 57, 7–12.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y., Clarke, F. C., Els, D. A. and Dauth, J. (1991a) Development of resistance in laboratory animals to adults of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. Med. Vet. Entomol. 5, 29–34.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y., Clarke, F. C. and Dauth, J. (1991b) Acquisition of immunity in cattle against the blue tick Boophilus decoloratus. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 11, 51–56.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y. and Kostrzewski, M. W. (1991) Relative resistance of six cattle breeds to the tick Boophilus decoloratus in South Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 58, 181–186.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y., Kostrzewski, M. W. and Els, D. A. (1991c) Resistance of indigenous African cattle to the tick Amblyomma hebraeum. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 12, 229–241.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y., Spickett, A. M., Dauth, J., Tembo, S. D., Clarke, F. C., Heller-Haupt, A. and Trinder, P. K. E. (1992) Immunization of guinea-pigs and cattle againstadult Rhipkephalus appendiculatus ticks using semi-purified nymphal homogenates and adult gut homogenate. Immunology 75, 700–706.Google Scholar
Rechav, Y. and Hay, L. (1992) The effects of nutritional status of rabbits and sheep on their resistance to the ticks Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 14 (in press).Google Scholar
Ribeiro, J. M. C. (1987) Role of saliva in blood-feeding by arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 32, 463–78.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, J. M. C. (1989) Role of saliva in tick/host interactions. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 7, 15–20.Google Scholar
Riek, R. F. (1962) Studies on the reactions of animals to infestation with ticks. VI. Resistance of cattle to infestation with the tick Boophilus microplus. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13, 532–550.Google Scholar
Rubaire-Akiki, C. M. and Mutinga, M. J. (1980) The histology of the skin reaction associated with rabbit resistance to Rhipicephalus aplpendiculatus (Neumann) infestations. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. 28, 35–7.Google Scholar
Solomon, K. R. (1983) Acaricide resistance in ticks. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 27, 273–296.Google Scholar
Spickett, A. M., De Klerk, D., Enslin, C. B. and Scholtz, M. M. (1989) Resistance of Nguni, Bonsmara and Hereford cattle to ticks in a bushveld region of South Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 56, 245–250.Google Scholar
Steelman, C. D. (1976) Effects of external and internal arthropod parasites on domestic livestock production. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 21, 155–178.Google Scholar
Steeves, E. B. T. and Allen, J. R. (1990) Basophils in skin reactions of mast cell-deficient-mice infested with Dermacentor variabilis. Int. J. Parasitology. 655–667.Google Scholar
Strother, G. R., Burns, E. C. and Smart, L. I. (1974) Resistance of pure-bred Brahman, Hereford and Brahman x Hereford crossbred cattle to the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 11, 559–563.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W. (1981) Is the Australian pest management approach to tick control relevant to Africa? Proc. Int. Conf. on Tick Biology and Control. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, pp. 79–85.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W., Kerr, J. D., Maywald, G. F. and Stegeman, D. A. (1983) The effect of season and nutrition on the resistance of cattle to the tick Boophilus microplus. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 34, 329–339.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W., Maywald, G. F., Kerr, J. D. and Stegeman, D. A. (1983) The effect of cattle (Boophilus microplus) on the liveweight gain of B. indicus x B. taurus steers. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 34, 317–327.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W., Maywald, G. F., Bourne, A. S., Sutherland, I. D. and Stegeman, D. A. (1988) Ecology of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in subtropical Australia. II. Resistance of different breeds of cattle. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 39, 299–308.Google Scholar
Sutherst, R. W., Wharton, R. H., Cook, I. M., Sutherland, I. D. and Bourne, A. S. (1979) Long-term population studies on the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) on untreated cattle selected for different levels of tick resistance. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 30, 353–368.Google Scholar
Tatchell, R. J. and Easton, E. R. (1986) Tick ecological studies in Tanzania. Bull. Entomol. Res. 42, 167–173.Google Scholar
Trager, W. (1939) Acquired immunity to ticks. J. Parasitol. 25, 57–81.Google Scholar
Utech, K. B. W., Seifert, G. W. and Wharton, R. H. (1978) Breeding Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle for resistance to Boophilus microplus. I. Factors affecting resistance. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29, 411–122.Google Scholar
Varma, M. G. R., Heller-Haupt, A., Trinder, P. K. E. and Langi, A. O. (1990) Immunization of guinea-pigs against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult ticks using homogenates from unfed immature ticks. Immunology 71, 133–138.Google Scholar
Wagland, B. M. (1975) Host resistance to cattle tick Boophilus microplus in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. I. Responses of previously unexposed cattle to four infestations with 20, 000 larvae. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 23, 102–109.Google Scholar
Wharton, R. H., Utech, K. B. W. and Turner, H. G. (1970) Resistance of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle: its assessment and heritability. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 21, 163–181.Google Scholar
Wikel, S. K. (1988) Immunological control of hematophagous arthropod vectors: Utilization of novel antigens. Vet. Parasitol. 29, 235–264.Google Scholar
Wikel, S. K. and Allen, J. R. (1976) Acquired resistance to ticks. I. Passive transfer of resistance. Immunology 30, 311–316.Google Scholar
Wikel, S. K. and Whelen, A. C. (1986) Ixodid-host immune interaction. Identification and characterization of relevant antigens and tick-induced host immunosuppression. Vet. Parasitol. 20, 149–174.Google Scholar
Willadsen, P. (1980) Immunity to ticks. Adv. Parasitol. 62, 293–311.Google Scholar