Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-08T05:09:15.168Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Variable laryngeals and vowel lowering*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2008

Sharon Rose
Sharon Rose
Affiliation:
McGill University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The group of guttural consonants consists of those consonants articulated at the back of the vocal tract or with some constriction of the pharynx: uvulars, pharyngeals, laryngeals and emphatics, or pharyngealised/uvularised consonants. These consonants pattern together in terms of several phonological properties, as extensively documented by McCarthy (1989, 1991, 1994). He argues that this natural class can be captured in a model of feature geometry by a node dependent on the Place node: the Pharyngeal node. However, the status of the laryngeal consonants within this class of segments is unresolved. While it is clear that the laryngeals [? h] pattern with the other guttural consonants in Semitic languages, these sounds have also been argued to lack Place specification altogether (Steriade 1987; Bessell 1992). McCarthy (1991, 1994) suggests that languages may in fact stipulate whether laryngeal consonants are specified with a Pharyngeal node, or are Placeless. Bessell & Czaykowska-Higgins (1992) and Bessell (1992), based on data from Interior Salish languages, argue that this selection is independent of the inventory of guttural segments within a language.

Type
Articles
Information
Phonology , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , May 1996 , pp. 73 - 117
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Miriam (1991). Macushi. In Desmond, Derbyshire & Geoffrey, Pullum (eds.) Handbook of Amazonian languages. Vol. 3. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. 23–160.Google Scholar
Al-Ani, S. (1970). Arabic phonology. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amborn, Hermann, Minker, Gunter & Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1980). Das Dullay: Materialien zu einer ostkuschitischen Sprachgruppe. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar
Archangeli, Diana (1988). Aspects of underspecification theory. Phonology 5. 183–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archangeli, Diana & Pulleyblank, Douglas (1989). Yoruba vowel harmony. LI 20. 173–219.Google Scholar
Archangeli, Diana & Pulleyblank, Douglas (1994). Grounded phonology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Lilias (1964). The phonetic structure of Somali. Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg Press.Google Scholar
Avery, Peter & Rice, Keren (1989). Segment structure and coronal underspecification. Phonology 6. 179–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bat-El, Outi (1989). Phonology and word structure in Modern Hebrew. PhD dissertation, UCLA.Google Scholar
Berhane, Girmay (1991). Issues in the phonology and morphology in Tigrinya. PhD dissertation, UQAM.Google Scholar
Bessell, Nicola (1992). Towards a phonetic and phonological typology of post-velar articulations. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Bessell, Nicola (1993). Phonological wildcards: /?, h/. Ms, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Bessell, Nicola & Czaykowska-Higgins, Eva (1992). Interior Salish evidence for placeless laryngeals. NELS 22. 35–49.Google Scholar
Blanc, H. (1964). Communal dialects in Baghdad. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Blanc, H. (1970). The Arabic dialects of the Negev Bedouins. Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 4. 112–150.Google Scholar
Bliese, L. (1981). A generative grammar of Afar. Arlington, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Buckley, Eugene (1994a). Theoretical aspects of Kashaya phonology and morphology. Stanford: CSLI.Google Scholar
Buckley, Eugene (1994b). On the status of Tigrinya vowel length. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Rutgers University.Google Scholar
Butcher, A. & Ahmad, K. (1987). Some acoustic and aerodynamic characteristis of pharyngeal consonants in Iraqi Arabic. Phonetica 44. 156–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, Noam & Halle, Morris (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Clements, G. N. (1989). On the representation of vowel height. Ms, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Clements, G. N. (1991). Place of articulation in consonants and vowels: a unified approach. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory 5. 77–123.Google Scholar
Clements, G. N. (1993). Lieu d'articulation des consonnes et des voyelles: une théorie unifiée. In Laks, B. & Rialland, A. (eds.) L'architecture et la géométrie des representations phonologiques. Paris: Editions du CNRS. (Revised French translation of Clements 1991). 101–145.Google Scholar
Colarusso, John (1992). A grammar of the Kabardian language. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.Google Scholar
Cook, Eung-Do (1983). Chilcotin flattening. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 28. 123–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, Eung-Do (1987). An autosegmental analysis of Chilcotin flattening. CLS 23:2. 51–65.Google Scholar
Cowell, M. (1964). A reference grammar of Syrian Arabic. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Stuart (1992). Pharyngealization in Palestinian Arabic: implications for feature theory. WCCFL 11. 108–120.Google Scholar
Davis, Stuart (1995). Emphasis spread in Arabic and grounded phonology. LI 26. 465–498.Google Scholar
Denais, Michel (1990). Elements de phonologie et de morphologie tigrigna. These de doctoral d'etat, Université de Nice.Google Scholar
Dillmann, August (1907). Ethiopic grammar. (2nd edn. by Carl, Bezold, transl. Crichton, James A.). London: Williams & Norgate.Google Scholar
Doak, Ivy (1992). Another look at Coeur d'Alene harmony. IJAL 58. 1–35.Google Scholar
Durand, Jacques (1986). On the phonological status of glides: the evidence from Malay. In Anderson, J. & Durand, J. (eds.) Explorations in dependency phonology. Dordrecht: Foris. 79–107.Google Scholar
Ebert, K. (1979). Sprache und Tradition der Kera (Tschad). Vol. 3: Grammatik. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar
Elorrieta, Jabier (1991). The feature specification of uvulars. Ms, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Fallon, Paul (1994). The development of emphatics from ejectives. Paper presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Boston.Google Scholar
Fre Woldu, Kiros (1986). Evidence of auditory similarity between Tigrinya ejective /t'/ and Arabic emphatic /t/. Orientalia Suecana 33–35. 128–138.Google Scholar
Ghazeli, Salim (1977). Back consonants and backing coarticulation in Arabic. PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Goad, Heather (1989). [rtr] in Chilcotin: a problem for the feature hierarchy. Proceedings of the 2nd Arizona Phonology Conference. Tucson: Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona. 20–31.Google Scholar
Goad, Heather (1991). [Atr] and [Rtr] are different features. WCCFL 10. 163–173.Google Scholar
Goad, Heather (1993). On the configuration of height features. PhD dissertation, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Goad, Heather & Narasimhan, Rama (1994). Front vowels are not coronal. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 13. 25–42.Google Scholar
Gorecka, Alicja (1989). The phonology of articulation. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Halle, Morris (1995). Feature geometry and feature spreading. LI 26. 1–46.Google Scholar
Hardman, M. (1966). Jaqaru: the outline of phonological and morphological structure. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, John (1990). Segmental complexity and phonological government. Phonology 7. 255–300.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce (1986). Inalterability in CV phonology. Lg 62. 321–351.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce & Abad, May (1989). Reduplication and syllabification in Ilokano. Lingua 77. 331–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, Richard (1984). The Arbore language. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.Google Scholar
Hayward, Katrina & Hayward, Richard (1989). Guttural: arguments for a new distinctive feature. Transactions of the Philological Society 87. 179–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, Katrina, Hayward, Richard & Bakhlt Al-Tabuki, Sallm (1988). Vowels in Jibbāli verbs. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51. 240–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey (1987). Ablaut-ambiguity: phonology of a Moroccan Arabic Dialect. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Herman, Rebecca (in press). La double vie de [w] or the status of [w] in Karuk. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 24.Google Scholar
Herzallah, Rukayyah (1990). Aspects of Palestinian Arabic phonology: a non-linear approach. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Hoberman, Richard (1985). The phonology of pharyngeals and pharyngealization in Pre-modern Aramaic. Journal of the American Oriental Society 105. 221–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hualde, Jose Ignacio (1991). Unspecified and unmarked vowels. LI 22. 205–209.Google Scholar
Hulst, Harry van der (1989). Atoms of segmental structure: components, gestures and dependency. Phonology 6. 253–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulst, Harry van der & Mous, Maarten (1992). Transparent consonants. In Reineke, Bok-Bennema & Roeland, van Hout (eds.) Linguistics in the Netherlands 1992. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 101–112.Google Scholar
Idrissi, Ali (1993). Sur l'emphase et la propagation de l'emphase. Ms, UQAM.Google Scholar
Inkelas, Sharon & Yu Cho, Young-mee (1993). Inalterability as prespecification. Lg 69. 529–574.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Thomas (1977). Harsusi lexicon. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kahn, Margaret (1976). How abstract is pharyngology: evidence from Kurmanji. CLS 12. 313–320.Google Scholar
Kaye, Jonathan, Lowenstamm, Jean & Vergnaud, Jean-Roger (1985). The internal structure of phonological elements: a theory of charm and government. Phonology Yearbook 2. 305–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinkade, M. Dale (1967). Uvular-pharyngeal resonants in Interior Salish. IJAL 39. 224–231.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter & Maddieson, Ian (1989). Phonological features for places of articulation. In Hyman, L. & Li, C. (eds.) Language, speech and mind. London: Routledge. 49–61.Google Scholar
Lambdin, Thomas (1978). A grammar of Ge'ez (Classical Ethiopic). Missoula: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Leslau, Wolf (1959). Traces of the laryngeals in the Gurage dialect of Ennemor. Orientalia 28. 257–270.Google Scholar
Leslau, Wolf (1971). Traces of the laryngeals in the Gurage dialect of Endegeñ. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 30. 218–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslau, Wolf (1979). Etymological dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). Vol. 3. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Littmann, E. & Höfner, M. (1962). Wörterbuch der Tigre-Sprache: Tigre-Deutsch-Englisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Lowenstamm, Jean & Prunet, Jean-François (1985). Tigre vowel harmonies. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Yale University.Google Scholar
Lowenstamm, Jean & Prunet, Jean-François (1987). Vertical harmonies in Tigre. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, UQAM.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John (1988). Feature geometry and dependency: a review. Phonetica 45. 84–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John (1989). Guttural phonology. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John (1991). The phonology of Semitic pharyngeals. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John (1994). The phonetics and phonology of Semitic pharyngeals. In Keating, P. (ed.) Papers in laboratory phonology III: phonological structure and phonetic form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 191–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Roger (1975). Proto South Sulawesi and Proto Austronesian phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Mithun, M. & Basri, H. (1986). The phonology of Selayarese. Oceanic Linguistics 24. 210–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mous, Maarten (1993). A grammar of Iraqw. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.Google Scholar
Nakano, Aki'o & Tsuge, Yoichi (1982). A vocabulary of Beni Amer dialect of Tigre. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.Google Scholar
Nordbustad, Frøydis (1988). Iraqw grammar: an analytical study of the Iraqw language. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar
Odden, David (1989). Dissimilation as deletion in Chukchi. Ms, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Padgett, J. (1991). Stricture in feature geometry. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Palmer, F. (1956). Openness in Tigre. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 18. 561–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, F. (1962). The morphology of the Tigre noun. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paradis, Carole & Prunet, Jean-François (1993). On the validity of morpheme structure constraints. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 38. 235–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, Carole & Prunet, Jean-François (1994). A reanalysis of velar transparency cases. The Linguistic Review 11. 101–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, Catherine (1974). Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler Besney de Zenun Köyü (Tcherkasse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Penchoen, Thomas (1973). Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir. Los Angeles: Undena Publications.Google Scholar
Piggott, Glyne (1992). Variability in feature dependency: the case of nasality. NLLT 10. 33–77.Google Scholar
Prunet, Jean-François (1990). The origin and interpretation of French loans in Carrier. IJAL 56. 484–502.Google Scholar
Prunet, Jean-François (1996). Some core properties of Semitic morphology: evidence from the Far South. In Durand, J. & Laks, B. (eds.) Proceedings of current trends in phonology: models and methods. CNRS & University of Salford Publications.Google Scholar
Raz, Shlomo (1983). Tigre grammar and texts. Malibu: Undena.Google Scholar
Raz, Shlomo (1986). Vowel quantity in Tigre. In Goldenberg, G. (ed.) Ethiopian studies. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. 455–465.Google Scholar
Rice, Keren (1992). On deriving sonority: a structural account of sonority relationships. Phonology 9. 61–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Keren (1993). A reexamination of the feature [sonorant]: the status of ‘sonorant obstruents’. Lg 69. 308–344.Google Scholar
Rice, Keren (1995). Peripheral in consonants. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 39. 191–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Keren & Avery, Peter (1993). Segment complexity and the structure of inventories. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 12. 131–153.Google Scholar
Rose, Sharon (1993). Coronality and vocalic underspecification. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 12. 155–177.Google Scholar
Rose, Sharon (1994). Guttural contrasts. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 13. 147–174.Google Scholar
Sagey, Elizabeth (1986). The representation of features in non-linear phonology. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Saib, Jilali (1976). A phonological study of Tamazight Berber: dialect of the Ayt Ndhir. PhD dissertation, UCLA.Google Scholar
Sandler, Wendy (1994). Suboral articulations. Ms, Haifa University.Google Scholar
Shaw, Patricia (1987). Non-conservation of melodic structure in reduplication. CLS 23:2. 291–306.Google Scholar
Shaw, Patricia (1991). The laryngeal/postlaryngeal connection. Paper presented at the Conference on Phonological Feature Organization, UCSC.Google Scholar
Shaw, Patricia (1994). The contrast between full and reduced vowels. Paper presented at the Montreal-Ottowa-Toronto Conference on Contrast in Phonology, Toronto.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (1987). Locality conditions and feature geometry. NELS 17. 595–618.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (1995). Underspecification and markedness. In John, Goldsmith (ed.) The handbook of phonological theory. Cambridge, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell. 114–174.Google Scholar
Stevens, K. & Keyser, S. (1989). Primary features and their enhancement in consonants. Lg 65. 81–107.Google Scholar
Teoh, B. S. (1988). Aspects of Malay phonology revisited. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Trigo, Loren (1988). On the phonological behaviour and derivation of nasal glides. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Trigo, Loren (1991). On pharynx-larynx interactions. Phonology 8. 113–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaux, Bert (1993). Is Atr a laryngeal feature ? Atr-voice interactions and the geometry of the lower vocal tract. Ms, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Vogt, Hans (1963). Dictionnaire de la langue oubykh. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Weber, David (1989). A grammar of Huallaga (Hudnuco Quechua). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira (1991a). Coronals, consonant clusters, and the coda condition. In Carole, Paradis & Jean-François, Prunet (eds.) The special status of coronals: internal and external evidence. San Diego: Academic Press. 61–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yip, Moira (1991b). Two cases of double-dependency in feature geometry. Ms, Brandeis University.Google Scholar