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Heritability of specific cognitive functions and associations with schizophrenia spectrum disorders using CANTAB: a nation-wide twin study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2020

Cecilie K. Lemvigh Open the ORCID record for Cecilie K. Lemvigh [Opens in a new window] ,
Rachel M. Brouwer ,
Christos Pantelis ,
Maria H. Jensen ,
Rikke W. Hilker ,
Christian S. Legind ,
Simon J. Anhøj ,
Trevor W. Robbins ,
Barbara J. Sahakian  and
Birte Y. Glenthøj
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Cecilie K. Lemvigh*
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Rachel M. Brouwer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Christos Pantelis
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
Maria H. Jensen
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark
Rikke W. Hilker
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Christian S. Legind
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Mental Health Center North Zealand, Hilleroed, Denmark
Simon J. Anhøj
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Department of Psychiatry Svendborg, Baagoes Alle 25, 5700 Svendborg, Denmark
Trevor W. Robbins
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Barbara J. Sahakian
Affiliation:
Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
Birte Y. Glenthøj
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Birgitte Fagerlund
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
*
Author for correspondence: Cecilie K. Lemvigh, E-mail: cecilie.koldbaek.lemvigh@regionh.dk
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Abstract

Background

Many cognitive functions are under strong genetic control and twin studies have demonstrated genetic overlap between some aspects of cognition and schizophrenia. How the genetic relationship between specific cognitive functions and schizophrenia is influenced by IQ is currently unknown.

Methods

We applied selected tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to examine the heritability of specific cognitive functions and associations with schizophrenia liability. Verbal and performance IQ were estimated using The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and the Danish Adult Reading Test. In total, 214 twins including monozygotic (MZ = 32) and dizygotic (DZ = 22) pairs concordant or discordant for a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, and healthy control pairs (MZ = 29, DZ = 20) were recruited through the Danish national registers. Additionally, eight twins from affected pairs participated without their sibling.

Results

Significant heritability was observed for planning/spatial span (h2 = 25%), self-ordered spatial working memory (h2 = 64%), sustained attention (h2 = 56%), and movement time (h2 = 47%), whereas only unique environmental factors contributed to set-shifting, reflection impulsivity, and thinking time. Schizophrenia liability was associated with planning/spatial span (rph = −0.34), self-ordered spatial working memory (rph = −0.24), sustained attention (rph = −0.23), and set-shifting (rph = −0.21). The association with planning/spatial span was not driven by either performance or verbal IQ. The remaining associations were shared with performance, but not verbal IQ.

Conclusions

This study provides further evidence that some cognitive functions are heritable and associated with schizophrenia, suggesting a partially shared genetic etiology. These functions may constitute endophenotypes for the disorder and provide a basis to explore genes common to cognition and schizophrenia.

Keywords

CANTABcognitionheritabilitypsychosisschizophreniatwin
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 6 , April 2022 , pp. 1101 - 1114
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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