Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ws8qp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T09:07:03.364Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Response to selection from new mutation and effective size of partially inbred populations. II. Experiments with Drosophila melanogaster

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2009

Montserrat Merchante
Affiliation:
Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Armando Caballero*
Affiliation:
Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland
Carlos López-Fanjul
Affiliation:
Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
*
* A. Caballero, Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT. Tel: (0131) 650 5443; E.mail: eang60@castle.ed.ac.uk; Fax: (0131) 650 6564.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Divergent artificial selection for abdominal bristle number in Drosophila melanogaster has been carried out starting from a genetically homogeneous base population. Lines with two different systems of mating, random (P lines) or between full sibs whenever possible (about 50%), random otherwise (I lines) were compared. Responses after 40 generations of selection were mostly due to one or two mutations of large effect (0·2 to 2 phenotypic standard deviations) per line. Ten mutations affecting the selected trait were individually studied (five lethal and five non-lethal, these being predominantly additive). These mutations satisfactorily explain the response attained, although some minor mutations may also be involved. No evidence of epistasis for bristle number was found. The average final divergence was 57% larger in the P lines, but it was mostly due to lethals or highly deleterious mutations. Thus, after relaxation of selection, the ranking reversed and the mean divergence became significantly larger in the I lines (14%). Analysis of inbreeding showed that the very small amount of variation created by spontaneous mutations (a heritability for the selected trait of about 3%) was responsible for a reduction in the effective size of about 50% in the I lines (relative to the case with random selection), but only about 10% in the P lines. Mutational heritabilities estimated from the response to selection (0·05–0·18%) were within the range usually found for this trait in previous experiments. REML estimates account for correlations between relatives, and were much larger in those lines where the response was due to lethal mutations, as these do not contribute to response after reaching maximum frequency.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

References

Bulmer, M. G., (1980). The Mathematical Theory of Quantitative Genetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Caballero, A., & Hill, W. G., (1992). Effects of partial inbreeding on fixation rates and variation of mutant genes. Genetics 131, 493507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caballero, A., & Keightley, P. D., (1994). A pleiotropic nonadditive model of variation in quantitative traits. Genetics 138, 883900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caballero, A., Keightley, P. D., & Hill, W. G., (1991). Strategies for increasing fixation probabilities of recessive mutations. Genetical Research 58, 129138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caballero, A., Keightley, P. D., & Hill, W. G., (1995). Accumulation of mutations affecting body weight in inbred mouse lines. Genetical Research 65, 145149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caballero, A., & Santiago, E., (1995). Response to selection from new mutation and effective size of partially inbred populations. I. Theoretical results. Genetical Research 66, 213225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caballero, A., Toro, M. A., & López-Fanjul, C., (1991). The response to artificial selection from new mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 127, 89102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlesworth, B., (1994). The effect of background selection against deleterious mutations on weakly selected, linked variants. Genetical Research 63, 213227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charlesworth, B., Morgan, M. T., & Charlesworth, D., (1993). The effect of deleterious mutations on neutral molecular variation. Genetics 134, 12891303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clayton, G. A., & Robertson, A., (1957). An experimental check on quantitative genetical theory. II. The long-term effects of selection. Journal of Genetics 55, 152170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falconer, D. S., (1989). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 3rd edn.Harlow, Essex: Longman.Google Scholar
Frankham, R., (1980). Origin of genetic variation in selection lines. In Selection Experiments in Laboratory and Domestic Animals (ed. Robertson, A.), pp. 5668. Slough, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
Frankham, R., Jones, L. P., & Barker, J. S. F., (1968). The effects of population size and selection intensity in selection for a quantitative character in Drosophila. III. Analyses of the lines. Genetical Research 12, 267283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallego, A., & López-Fanjul, C., (1983). The number of loci affecting a quantitative trait in Drosophila melanogaster revealed by artificial selection. Genetical Research 42, 137149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia-Dorado, A., & López-Fanjul, C., (1983). Accumulation of lethals in highly selected lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 66, 221223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, W. G. (1982 a). Rates of change in quantitative traits from fixation of new mutations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79, 142145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, W. G. (1982 b). Predictions of response to artificial selection from new mutations. Genetical Research 40, 255278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, W. G., & Caballero, A., (1992). Artificial selection experiments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23, 287310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, W. G., & Rasbash, J., (1986). Models of long-term artificial selection in finite populations with recurrent mutation. Genetical Research 48, 125131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingdale, B., (1971). Analysis of some genes from abdominal bristle number selection lines in Drosophila melanogaster. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 41, 292301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keightley, P. D., & Hill, W. G., (1987). Directional selection and variation in finite populations. Genetics 117, 573582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keightley, P. D., Mackay, T. F. C., & Caballero, A., (1993). Accounting for bias in estimates of the rate of polygenic variation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 253, 291296.Google Scholar
Kimura, M., & Crow, J. F., (1963). The measurement of effective population number. Evolution 17, 279288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, C., Lyman, R. F., Long, A. D., Langley, C. H., & Mackay, T. F. C., (1994). Naturally occurring variation in bristle number and DNA polymorphisms at the scabrous locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 266, 16971702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, C., & Mackay, T. F. C., (1990). Hybrid dysgenesisinduced quantitative variation on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 124, 627636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latter, B. D. H., & Robertson, A., (1962). The effects of inbreeding and artificial selection on reproductive fitness. Genetical Research 3, 110138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López, M. A., & López-Fanjul, C. (1993 a). Spontaneous mutation for a quantitative trait in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Response to artificial selection. Genetical Research 61, 107116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
López, M. A., & López-Fanjul, C. (1993 b). Spontaneous mutation for a quantitative trait in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Distribution of mutant effects on the trait and fitness. Genetical Research 61, 117126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, M., & Hill, W. G., (1986). Phenotypic evolution by neutral mutation. Evolution 40, 915935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, T. F. C., Fry, J. D., Lyman, R. F., & Nuzhdin, S. V., (1994). Polygenic mutation in Drosophila melanogaster: estimates from response to selection of inbred strains. Genetics 136, 937951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, T. F. C., & Langley, C. H., (1990). Molecular and phenotypic variation in the achaete-scute region of Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 348, 6466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, T. F. C., Lyman, R. F., & Jackson, M. S., (1992). Effects of P elements on quantitative traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 130, 315332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, T. F. C., Lyman, R. F., Jackson, M. S., Terzian, C., & Hill, W. G., (1992). Polygenic mutation in Drosophila melanogaster: estimates from divergence among inbred strains. Evolution 46, 300316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madalena, F. E., & Robertson, A., (1975). Population structure in artificial selection: studies with Drosophila melanogaster. Genetical Research 24, 113126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, K., (1989). Restricted maximum likelihood to estimate variance components for animal models with several random effects using a derivative-free algorithm. Genetics Selection Evolution 21, 317340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, A., (1961). Inbreeding in artificially selected programmes. Genetical Research 2, 189194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, A., (1967). The nature of quantitative genetic variation. In Heritage from Mendel (ed. Brink, R. A.), pp. 265280. Madison, USA: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Santiago, E., Albornoz, J., Dominguez, A., Toro, M. A., & López-Fanjul, C., (1992). The distribution of effects of spontaneous mutations on quantitative traits and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 132, 771781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santiago, E., & Caballero, A., (1995). Effective size of populations under selection. Genetics 139, 10131030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wray, N. R., (1990). Accounting for mutation effects in the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix and its inverse. Biometrics 46, 177186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S., (1969). Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. Vol. 2, The Theory of Gene Frequencies. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Yoo, B. H., (1980). Long-term selection for a quantitative character in large replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster. 2. Lethals and visible mutants with large effects. Genetical Research 35, 1931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar