a. Remedies available to a party are a key consideration for that party, particularly if the contract is breached. However, issues relating to the remedial provisions are difficult and have been the focus of a large part of the discussion and deliberation surrounding the application of commercial law. At the same time, no aspect of a system of contract law is more revealing of its underlying assumptions than is the law that prescribes the relief available for breach of contract. It is where a system's solutions to a large proportion of real-world disputes in commercial transactions are to be found. In practical terms, it may be said that the remedial scheme is the substantive heart of a particular system of contract law, which will be a powerful support for the harmonization of actual outcomes and will improve the reliability of the often unpredictable results of disputes.

b.Generally speaking, the remedies available to an aggrieved party for a breach of contract can in all significant legal systems be classified into three basic categories.

• First, an aggrieved party may be able to claim specific performance. As such, specific performance hardly gives the aggrieved party exactly the performance to which he was entitled to, unless it is supplemented with some kind of an additional remedy, such as monetary relief.

• Second, the aggrieved party may have the right to require substitutionary relief. A relevant relief here is compensation, and almost always a monetary compensation, for the loss that the party has suffered for performance not received.

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