Molecular typing and characterization of a new serotype of human enterovirus (EV-B111) identified in China
Introduction
Currently, human enteroviruses (EVs) are classified into 4 species: EV-A, EV-B, EV-C, and EV-D (Knowles et al., 2011). The species EV-B comprises 60 serotypes: coxsackievirus group B (CVB: serotypes 1–6), coxsackievirus group A (CVA: serotype 9), echovirus (serotypes 1–7, 9, 11–21, 24–27, 29–33), EV-B69, and recently identified novel EV serotypes to be designated EV-B73–B75 (Norder et al., 2002, Oberste et al., 2001, Oberste et al., 2004b), EV-B77–B88 (Norder et al., 2003, Oberste et al., 2007, Sun et al., 2013, Tao et al., 2013), EV-B93 (Junttila et al., 2007), EV-B97–B98 (Oberste et al., 2007, Smura et al., 2007, Yamashita et al., 2010), EV-B100–B101 (Oberste et al., 2007), EV-B106–B107 (Yamashita et al., 2010), EV-B110 (Harvala et al., 2011), and simian enterovirus SA5.
The viruses in species EV-B belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae and order Picornavirales. Picornaviruses are small, non-enveloped human EVs comprising 60 copies each of the capsid proteins VP4, VP2, VP3, and VP1, which enclose a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The viral RNA contains a long open reading frame flanked by a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) and a 3′-UTR.
In this study, we describe a newly discovered EV serotype within species EV-B, which was named EV-B111 by the Picornaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (www.picornastudygroup.com). The virus was isolated from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) during virological surveillance supporting global polio eradication in China in 2000. To the best of our knowledge, EV-B111 has not been reported elsewhere, and its pathogenic role, disease association, and global occurrence are unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the newly discovered serotype EV-B111.
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Clinical specimens
The newly discovered EV serotype (EV-B111, strain Q0011/XZ/CHN/2000, hereafter referred to as Q0011) was isolated from a stool sample collected from a 2-year-old girl who presented with AFP on September 2000 in Lhasa City (population: ∼474,500) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, during the course of poliovirus surveillance activities in support of the global polio eradication initiative. Epidemiological data was collected prospectively by the attending physician using an anonymous standard
Neutralization typing and molecular typing of the Tibetan isolate Q0011
The Tibetan isolate was primarily characterized using a standard pool of EV typing antisera (RIVM, the Netherlands) distributed by the World Health Organization. The isolate was not neutralized by any of the pools (data not shown). Based on the absence of neutralization using antisera against polioviruses, echoviruses, and coxsackieviruses, the isolate was tentatively identified as an ‘untypeable’ non-polio EV.
The complete VP1 region (876 nucleotides) of the ‘untypeable’ non-polio EV was
Discussion
Both the neutralization test and molecular typing method (VP1 region sequencing and database comparison) are important for EV serotyping. The neutralization test is previously considered to be the gold standard, and the molecular typing is the new gold standard because the VP1 region sequences of EVs correlate well with antigenically defined serotypes, such as those determined by the neutralization test (Norder et al., 2001, Oberste et al., 1999b, Oberste et al., 2000), and all new types
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project nos. 30900063, 81101303 and 81373049), and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (project no. 2013ZX10004-202).
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These authors contributed equally to this work.