Female UrologySpontaneous Recovery of Reflex Voiding Following Spinal Cord Injury Mediated by Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Factors
Section snippets
Methods
Experiments were performed on 24 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (Hilltop, Pittsburgh, PA). All animal experiments were in accordance with institutional guidelines approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Pittsburgh. Six animals were left spinal intact to serve as controls and the rest of the 18 animals received complete spinal cord transection at the level of Th9-10 vertebrae under isoflurane anesthesia. After Th9-10 laminectomy, the dura and spinal
Effect of SCI on Cystometry
Awake CMG of spinal-intact and SCI animals at various time points revealed time-dependent changes in the voiding function induced by SCI. Representative CMG tracings from controls and SCI animals at each time point are shown in Figure 1A. Relative to spinal-intact control animals, the ICI between 2 voiding events in SCI animals progressively increased from 4 to 12 weeks, with maximum at the time point of 12 weeks. Significantly increased ICI of SCI animals was recorded at 12 weeks relative to
Discussion
Inflammatory mediators have been shown to play an important role in the pathological consequences secondary to SCI.15, 16, 17 The main findings from this study are that inflammation plays a key role in the time-dependent changes in voiding function after SCI. Upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators and neuroprotective molecules is likely to play an important role in the plasticity of bladder afferent pathways and the reorganization of synaptic connections in the spinal cord. Poor voiding
Conclusion
SCI-induced voiding dysfunction and the spontaneous recovery at 12 weeks is associated with time-dependent changes in expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. Investigations at the molecular level are crucial to advance the understanding of SCI-induced voiding dysfunction and develop new treatments.
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Financial Disclosure: The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests.
Funding Support: This work was partly supported by funding from National Institutes of Health (DK088836 and DK093424) and U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-11-1-0763).
Pradeep Tyagi and Katsumi Kadekawa contributed equally.