What can we learn from Malay vernacular houses?
Introduction
Buildings have an immense effect on the lives of their users. In particular, houses are required to allocate spaces for individuals being safe, relaxed and satisfied to do what they desire, such as eating, sleeping, entertaining guests and many other functions based on their aspirations (Clements-Croome, 2006, Rapoport, 1990). Mustafa, Hassan, and Baper (2010) denotes the reciprocal relationships between functional spaces of a house and human functional relations. Moreover, Yu and Kim (2011) argues that the functional spaces of a house must be in accordance with the indoor environmental factors of region. In this regard, Rapoport (2008) also highlights the role of culture–environment relations and the necessity of responsive environments for supporting people.
In view of the aforementioned theories, this study claims that the discrepancy between the condition of interior spaces and the spatial demands of inhabitants in Malaysia often results in users who are not satisfied with their living environment. These spatial demands including socio-cultural and environmental concerns, requires to be applied into the functional spaces of contemporary houses. The elaborations on the profound role of tradition in built environments towards the opportunities and problems of contemporary residential design are critically reviewed in this study to indentify significant constituents of tradition which could be influential in enhancing the quality of living environments.
Recent studies declare that the quality of contemporary residential functional spaces is mostly based on style and modernization rather than the tradition of region. With respect to this point, many inhabitants still prefer to live in houses which are based on their own traditions. This is because the quality of housing as one of the influential factors in enhancing the quality of life of the users is not highly based on their daily lifestyle and local environmental characteristics of region.
The natural harmony among people, house and environment is repeatedly cited in the studies about vernacular architecture (Foruzanmehr & Vellinga, 2011). According to Cromley (2008), “Vernacular architecture is understood to mean the building of the people, built by the people. It does not refer to buildings designed and constructed by professional architects and builders for the people which, in suburban housing for example, may be considered as ‘popular’ architecture”. Thus, it is deduced that the interior spaces of vernacular houses, representing smart living environments, are the amalgamation of local environmental characteristics of region, daily functions and lifestyle of that regions people reflecting the vernacular values as the strength which directly influences the level of quality of life.
As a result of the rapid modernization of Malaysia, Malay vernacular house, in the form of kampong house, has been largely replaced by modern residential architecture. We are motivated to conduct this study because we have observed the unfortunate decline of the kampong house that could support Malay local quality of life (Abel, 2000, Nilhan et al., 2007). Thereby, this study would like to put forward a theoretical proposition with regards to the adaptation of vernacular architectural features into the contemporary residential functional spaces according to the social, cultural and environmental attributes.
According to Abdul Mohit, Ibrahim, and Rashid (2009), one of the Malaysian government's plans is to achieve appropriate quality for the housing developments. This requires high levels of satisfaction of inhabitants in the housing sector (Tan, 1980, Utaberta et al., 2010, Zohri, 2011). According to the new Malaysian quality of life index (MQLI), the quality of housing highly affects human well-being and quality of life (Hashim et al., 2009, Lazim and Osman, 2009). Congruence between the local context and the house design needs new solution towards housing developments (Salama, 2006, Hillier, 2008). Bluyssen (2010) highlights that quality of life is determined by creating healthy buildings which are in harmony with end-user's needs. In this regards, Touman and Al-Ajmi (2005) explicitly overstresses on “climate” and “culture” as the neglected factors in contemporary housing design. Dekker, Vos, Musterd, and Kempen (2011) explicitly implies that the quality of houses is overwhelmingly important for user's satisfaction while highlighting the necessity to sustain congruence between the house design and household's demands.
Moser (2009) develops the theory of People-Environment congruity in residential environments. In view of this, the interrelations between the individuals and living environments must ensure the user's well-being and satisfaction based on standards of living towards enhancing the quality of life. In this regards, it is stated that the respective standards are inclusive of environmental quality and the cultural consideration of people who are utilizing the residential environments. In view of the aforementioned standards, Rasdi (2003) criticizes the quality of contemporary houses of Malaysia. Subsequently, he showed how socio-cultural and environmental values are embodied in the functional spaces of vernacular houses, particularly Malay houses.
This study proclaims that the incongruity between socio-cultural and environmental values of region and current housing design in Malaysia could be solved through successful integration of vernacular values into the functional spaces of contemporary houses. Therefore, in this research, a theoretical framework will be utilized to analyze and compare the identified vernacular functional spatial features with regards to the congruity level with the local daily lifestyle and environmental characteristics of region.
Section snippets
Quality of housing and quality of life in Malay housing
Housing satisfaction is a broad issue encompassing four main criteria including homeownership, socio-economic characteristics, housing characteristics and housing delivery system as shown in Fig. 1. This study focuses on the circumstances of spatial characteristics of residential functional spaces in order to be intertwined with socio-cultural and environmental concerns.
Undoubtedly, the spatial characteristics of a house are significantly important for assessing the quality of living.
Developed theoretical framework
The theoretical framework for this research is formed based on “local daily functions of users” and “local environmental characteristics of region” with respect to the “vernacular features of functional spaces” in a Malay house (see Fig. 2). The study is carried out in accordance with a congruity test derived from the theoretical framework which will lead to understand the vernacular architectural features which embody a congruity between local daily functions, environmental characteristics of
Design notion of Malay house
The Malay house evolved over time to meet the needs of the local people. This guaranteed the successful integration of Malay cultural values and lifestyle.
A Malay kampong house is the place where Malay culture and tradition are represented through local daily life (Thompson, 2004). These socio-cultural interactions shape the functional spaces and the interior atmosphere of the house (Rasdi et al., 2005). The Islamic beliefs, social relations, and desired way of life are the main constituents
Socio-cultural and environmental values of Malay houses
According to Said and Embi (2008), the Malay vernacular house is composed of physical, spatial and functional components. They argue that the various spatial features of the kampong house are based on the principles of inter-relativity, adjacency, priority and space arrangement. The functional components of a Malay vernacular house reflect the interactions of the users and their needs and functions within the house. Correspondingly, the aforementioned vernacular features can be divided into two
Discussions: key-focused interpretations
Interpreting the theoretical inferences and findings, it is reflected that the Malay houses are designed and built based on a high level of congruity between the functional space design, socio-cultural backgrounds and environmental attributes. Indeed, functional spaces of Malay houses are efficiently designed to respond to the user's expectations, nature and tropical climate. Analyzing the case models, it is postulated that the concept of natural ventilation which is significantly vital for
Conclusions
Findings indicate that the house embodies the functional spaces which contain substantial influences on the quality of the life for a family. The theoretical inferences denote that there must be a reciprocal relationship between functional spaces of a house and human functional relations. Moreover, it is argued that the functional spaces of a house must be in accordance with the indoor environmental factors of region. In regards to environment–behaviour studies, the study also highlights the
Acknowledgements
This is to acknowledge that a part of this paper is derived from the Ph.D. thesis of the corresponding author at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). In this line, the corresponding author would like to thank the supervisory and examination committees, particularly Professor Dr. Derek Clements-Croome from University of Reading, UK; for his constructive advices towards the enhancement of this research in capacity of the external examiner.
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