Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
Binding analysis of carbon nanoparticles to human immunoglobulin G: Elucidation of the cytotoxicity of CNPs and perturbation of immunoglobulin conformations
Graphical abstract
Introduction
In recent years, nanotechnology using materials and structures with nanoscale dimensions has offered great promise for delivering new technologies, and the number of scientific papers describing new synthetic pathways and applications of nanoparticles has increased [1], [2], [3]. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with interesting photoluminescence properties have received considerable attention [4]. Compared to commercialized quantum dots, CNPs show similar photo-physical performance and photochemical stability, but without the burden of intrinsic toxicity or elemental scarcity, presenting great potential in bioanalytical and analytical applications, such as cellular labeling [5], [6], molecular imaging [7], [8] and drug delivery [9]. However, as a new type of carbon-based nanomaterials, the potential toxicity of CNPs with regard to human health warrants further and more thorough investigations.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a homologous protein. It has an antibody function and acts as recognizing blocks or structures to identify a foreign body or infection and initiate an immune response [10], [11], [12]. As the most therapeutically important immunoglobulin, human IgG (HIgG) can serve as a potential drug transporter and has an important role in binding metabolites, drugs, organic compounds and relevant antigens [13]. Any alteration to the structure of HIgG can hinder the function of immunoglobulins and affect their contribution to humoral immunity [14]. Thus, studies on the binding behaviors of nanoparticles with HIgG are an important field in toxicology, and investigation of the interaction between CNPs and HIgG is necessary to understand the biological effects of CNPs on the human body. Keya Chaudhuri et al. investigated the extent of perturbation of serum albumin conformations caused by CNPs and the thermodynamic parameters between CNPs and serum albumin [15]; Mandal et al. performed a simple method for the synthesis of ultrafine CNPs and examined its interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA) [16].
Optical techniques that are sensitive and relatively easy to use are powerful tools for monitoring the interactions between nanoparticles and proteins [17], [18]. Liu et al. studied the interactions between CdTe quantum dots coated with different ligands and human serum albumin (HSA) using fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering [19]; Naveenraj et al. studied the interaction of synthesized gold nanoparticles with serum albumins using UV–vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [20]. In this paper, because of their wide existence range and sensitive reflection of environmental change, Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells were used as a model to understand the cytotoxicity of CNPs without any further functionalization. Furthermore, the interaction of CNPs with HIgG was demonstrated using fluorescence quenching spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence and CD spectroscopy under physiological conditions for the first time. The binding constants, numbers of binding sites and basic thermodynamic parameters under different temperatures were calculated according to Scatchard plots and the Van't Hoff equation. The alterations to the protein secondary structures induced by the addition of CNPs were also examined.
Section snippets
Chemicals and reagents
Canola oil from a local market was used in this work. Raw canola oil soot was collected by placing a glass plate on top of a smoldering diesel lamp. Dialysis bags (MW cutoff = 8 kDa) were purchased from Millipore Corporation (Billerica, USA). HIgG (purity > 99%) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company and used without further purification. Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino-methane) was purchased from Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemical Research Institute (Tianjin, China). All solutions of HIgG were
Synthesis and characterization of the CNPs
Purified solid-state CNPs were obtained by drying the CNP solution. As shown in Table 1, the purified CNPs possessed quite different chemical compositions from the raw canola oil soot. The oxygen and nitrogen contents of the CNPs were much higher than the values found in the canola oil soot. These results suggested that nitrogen and oxygen elements were incorporated into the raw canola oil soot particles via nitric acid oxidation, causing their water solubility [24].
The formation of the CNPs
Conclusions
This paper demonstrated that CNPs exhibited non-toxicity and good biocompatibility toward E. coli cells. A remarkably strong binding between CNPs and HIgG was observed using fluorescence and CD spectroscopy. Fluorescence quenching spectroscopy showed a remarkably high and unique binding affinity of CNPs to HIgG through electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The exothermic binding of CNPs to HIgG was favored by the enthalpy and entropy changes, and the addition of
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Educational Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Province of China (14JK1145), the Project of Shaanxi University of Technology (SLGKY14-08) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 21373132).
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