Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition)
Special articleMore than 3 hours and less than 3 years old. Safety of anesthetic procedures in children under 3 years of age, subject to surgeries of more than 3 hoursMás de 3 horas y menos de 3 años. Seguridad de procedimientos anestésicos en niños menores de 3 años, sometidos a cirugías de más de 3 horas☆,☆☆
Section snippets
Conflict of interest
Julián Álvarez has received honoraria for conferences from Orion Pharma. He has received funding for clinical and experimental research from Orion Pharma and Cardiva. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
References (108)
- et al.
Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy
Br J Anaesth
(2011) - et al.
Clinical research approaches to studying pediatricanesthetic neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicology
(2009) - et al.
Anesthetic neurotoxicity
Anesthesiol Clin
(2012) - et al.
Special issue on anaesthetic neurotoxicity and neuroplasticity
Br J Anaesth
(2013) - et al.
Anesthetic neurotoxicity
Anesthesiol Clin
(2014) - et al.
Ethanol causes and lithium prevents neuroapoptosis and suppression of pERK in the infant mouse brain
Neurobiol Dis
(2008) - et al.
17β-Estradiol attenuates ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis and persistent cognitive deficits in the developing brain
Brain Res
(2014) - et al.
Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine conditioning strategies: evidences from an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia
Life Sci
(2016) - et al.
Neuroprotection in pediatric cardiac surgery: what is on the horizon?
Prog Pediatr Cardiol
(2010) - et al.
Mechanisms leading to disseminated apoptosis following NMDA receptor blockade in the developing rat brain
Neurobiol Dis
(2004)
Prolonged exposure to ketamine increases neurodegeneration in the developing monkey brain
Int J Dev Neurosci
Ketamine anesthesia during the first week of life can cause long-lasting cognitive deficits in rhesus monkeys
Neurotoxicol Teratol
Inhalation anesthetic-induced neuronal damage in the developing rhesus monkey
Neurotoxicol Teratol
Propofol-induced apoptosis of neurones and oligodendrocytes in fetal and neonatal rhesus macaque brain
Br J Anaesth
Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine in pediatric clinical use
Toxicol Lett
Neurologic outcomes in very preterm infants undergoing surgery
J Pediatr
The effect of general anesthesia and strabismus surgery on the intellectual abilities of children: a pilot study
Am J Ophthalmol
Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial
Lancet
Early developmental outcome of infants with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
J Pediatr Surg
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder after early exposure to procedures requiring general anesthesia
Mayo Clin Proc
Motor and cognitive outcome at school age of children with surgically treated intestinal obstructions in the neonatal period
Early Hum Dev
Neurodevelopmental implications of the general anesthesia in neonate and infants
Exp Neurol
The uncomfortable reality…. We simply do not know if general anesthesia negatively impacts the neurocognitive development of our small children
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol
Anesthesia and developing brains —implications of the FDA warning
N Engl J Med
Anesthesia for nonobstetric surgery: maternal and fetal considerations
Clin Obstet Gynecol
Strategies and experimental models for evaluating anesthetics: effects on the developing nervous system
Anesth Analg
Review article: neurotoxicity of anesthetic drugs in the developing brain
Anesth Analg
Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics: an update
Curr Pharm Des
Modelinganesthetic developmental neurotoxicity using human stem cells
Semen Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth
Review: effects of anesthetics on brain circuit formation
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol
Anesthesia and neurotoxicity in the developing brain: a non-systematic review
Acta Anaesthesiol Belg
Anesthesia-related neurotoxicity and the developing animal brain is not a significant problem in children
Paediatr Anaesth
Sedation guidelines, protocols, and algorithms in PICUs: a systematic review
Pediatr Crit Care Med
Prospective multicentre randomised, double-blind, equivalence study comparing clonidine and midazolam as intravenous sedative agents in critically ill children: the SLEEPS (Safety profiLe, Efficacy and Equivalence in Paediatric intensive care Sedation) study
Health Technol Assess
Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia management of critically ill children: a pilot study evaluating guideline impact and feasibility in the PICU
BMJ Open
Protocolized sedation vs usual care in pediatric patients mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial
JAMA
Dual effects of ketamine: neurotoxicity versus neuroprotection in anesthesia for the developing brain
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol
Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain
Br J Pharmacol
Xenon mitigates isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis in the developing rodent brain
Anesthesiology
Potential of xenon to induce or to protect against neuroapoptosis in the developing mouse brain
Can J Anaesth
Lithium protects against anesthesia-induced developmental neuroapoptosis
Anesthesiology
Dexmedetomidine attenuates isoflurane-induced neurocognitive impairment in neonatal rats
Anesthesiology
Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against hyperoxia-induced injury in the developing rat brain
PLoS ONE
Dexmedetomidine use in pediatric intensive care and procedural sedation
J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther
Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain
Science
Blockade of the NMDA receptor increases developmental apoptotic elimination of granule neurons and activates caspases in the rat cerebellum
Eur J Neurosci
Ontogeny of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor system and susceptibility to neurotoxicity
Toxicol Sci
Drug-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain
Brain Pathol
Cited by (0)
- ☆
Please cite this article as: Álvarez Escudero J, Paredes Esteban RM, Cambra Lasaosa FJ, Vento M, López Gil M, de Agustín Asencio JC, et al. Más de 3 horas y menos de 3 años. Seguridad de procedimientos anestésicos en niños menores de 3 años, sometidos a cirugías de más de 3 horas. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2017;64:577–584.
- ☆☆
This article is part of the Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation Continuing Medical Education Program. An evaluation of the questions on this article can be made through the Internet by accessing the Education Section of the following web page: www.elsevier.es/redar