Paleomagnetism of Cryogenian Kitoi mafic dykes in South Siberia: Implications for Neoproterozoic paleogeography

doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.04.007

Precambrian Research

Volume 231, July 2013, Pages 372-382

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.04.007 Get rights and content

Highlights

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We studied paleomagnetically 760 Ma mafic dykes from southern Siberia.
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The primary remanence is supported by the contact test.
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New data suggest transpressional movement of Siberia closer to Laurentia by 760 Ma.

Abstract

We present a new paleomagnetic pole of 1.1°N, 22.4°E, A₉₅ = 7.4° from the 760 Ma gabbro-dolerite Kitoi dykes located in the southern part of the Siberian Craton. The pole is supported by contact tests and suggests closer position of Siberia relative to Laurentia at 760 Ma than in Mesoproterozoic. We propose that this closer configuration was achieved by dextral transpressive motion of Siberia relative to Laurentia between 780 and 760 Ma. This motion was probably initiated at the first stage of the Rodinia breakup and is coeval with the 780 Ma Gunbarrel magmatic event of the western Canadian shield.

Introduction

According to most Neoproterozoic paleogeographic models, the Rodinia supercontinent finally amalgamated at 1000–900 Ma and started to break up at 800–750 Ma, although the exact timing of these events and the precise configuration of Rodinia are controversial (e.g., Hoffman, 1991, Dalziel, 1997, Pisarevsky et al., 2003, Li et al., 2008). The role and place of Siberia in these events is a key part of this long-lasting controversy. Most workers suggest that Siberia was juxtaposed with the northern margin of Laurentia controversy (e.g., Hoffman, 1991, Condie and Rosen, 1994, Frost et al., 1998, Rainbird et al., 1998, Pisarevsky et al., 2008; but see Sears and Price, 2000), but a more precise reconstruction is hindered by the lack of early and middle Neoproterozoic paleomagnetic data.

Although reliable ca. 1500–1450 Ma and ca. 1050–950 Ma paleomagnetic data from Siberia and Laurentia (Table 2; see also Pavlov, 1994, Ernst et al., 2000, Veselovsky et al., 2003) support coherent movement of these two continents during most of Mesoproterozoic, they also suggest a paleolatitudinal separation, implying the presence of some other continental block(s) in between (Wingate et al., 2009). The apparent absence of any exposures of the giant 1267 Ma Mackenzie igneous event in Siberia supports this inference (Gladkochub et al., 2006a, Gladkochub et al., 2006b, Pisarevsky et al., 2008). However, the 710–730 Ma mafic igneous rocks along the southern margin of Siberia (Neimark et al., 1990, Rytsk et al., 2002, Ernst et al., 2012) may be related to the Laurentian 723 Ma Franklin giant igneous event. If so, at ca. 720 Ma Siberia may have been closer to Laurentia than it was in Mesoproterozoic, a hypothesis that would have major implications for Neoproterozoic reconstructions and for models of Rodinia breakup. Some reliable ca.790–720 Ma paleomagnetic data from both continents are therefore needed to test this hypothesis. Sklyarov et al. (2003) reported a 743 ± 47 Ma Sm–Nd isochron age and a 758 ± 4 Ma ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau age for mafic dykes along the Kitoi River in the Sharyzhalgai massif of the southern Siberia (Fig. 1) which may be related to the Franklin event. A pilot study of these dykes (Konstantinov, 2006) demonstrated the presence of a stable paleomagnetic remanence. In this paper we present results of a 2009 field study in which we carried out a detailed paleomagnetic sampling of the Kitoi dykes with the purpose of obtaining a highly reliable Cryogenian paleomagnetic pole for Siberia.

Section snippets

Geology and sampling

The Siberian Craton (Fig. 1a) is a Paleoproterozoic collage of mostly Archaean granulite–gneiss and granite–greenstone complexes (Rosen et al., 2005) surrounded by major Phanerozoic suture zones (Zonenshain et al., 1990, Parfenov, 1991). The basement is exposed only in two shields, Aldan–Stanovoy and Anabar, and in some outcrops of the Olenek (north), Kan, Biryusa, Sharyzhalgai, and Baikal (south-west) inliers (Fig. 1; Gladkochub et al., 2006a).

Several Proterozoic mafic dyke swarms and some

Analytical methods

Remanence behaviour was determined by detailed stepwise alternating field (AF) demagnetisation (≤20 steps, up to 100 mT), using an AGICO LDA-3A tumbling demagnetiser and the 2G cryogenic magnetometer in the University of Edinburgh. Thermal stepwise demagnetisation (≤20 steps, to 600 °C), using a Magnetic Measurements MMTD1 furnace was also applied. Magnetic mineralogy was investigated from demagnetisation characteristics and, in selected samples, from measuring the variation of susceptibility

Magnetic mineralogy and rock magnetism

Microprobe studies of ca. 760 Ma dykes indicate the presence of mostly homogeneous titanomagnetite in the Cryogenian gabbro-dolerites (Sklyarov et al., 2003). This observation is supported by magnetic susceptibility versus temperature curves (Fig. 2a) Curie temperatures are distributed between 500° and 570 °C, which corresponds to a titanium-poor titanomagnetite Fe_3−xTi_xO₄ with x ≈ 0.05–0.10 (Fig. 3.11 in Dunlop and Özdemir, 1997). Konstantinov (2006) reached similar conclusions in his preliminary

760 Ma dykes

The intensity of the natural remanent magnetisation (NRM) of Cryogenian gabbro-dolerites ranges from 20 mA/m to 2.5 A/m, and their magnetic susceptibility from ∼2 to 90 × 10⁻⁴ SI units. After removal of a low-stability, randomly oriented overprint, thermal (Fig. 3a), AF demagnetisations (Fig. 3b) and a combination of both (Fig. 3c) of the Cryogenian gabbro-dolerites reveal a stable shallow eastward unipolar characteristic magnetisation ChRM. Unblocking temperatures are in most cases between 550 and

Contact tests

We collected ten samples from the 1864 Ma dyke K4 within 102 cm from its contact with the shallow dipping 760 Ma dyke K3. Eight of these samples were collected within 70 cm from the contact and yield the remanence direction similar to the mean remanence direction of dyke K3 (Table 1, entry 12; Fig. 4, Fig. 5), shown as a star in Fig. 5. However, the remanence directions of two K4 samples collected at >70 cm from the contact are steeper and are close to the inverted mean direction for another 1865 Ma

Discussion

Our new 760 Ma paleomagnetic pole suggests an equatorial position of the Siberian Craton rotated by about 90° clockwise compare to its present-day orientation. This pole provides a test for published Neoproterozoic continental reconstructions. Most of these reconstructions imply contiguity between Siberia and Laurentia during at least some part of the Proterozoic, but the precise configuration and timing have been widely debated (e.g. Hoffman, 1991, Condie and Rosen, 1994, Frost et al., 1998,

Conclusions

According to our analysis the relative movement between Laurentia and Siberia could occur during the first stage of the breakup of Rodinia between 0.80 and 0.75 Ga, which amalgamated at ca. 1.0 Ga. We propose that the dextral transpressive motion of Siberia relative to Laurentia between 0.78 and 0.76 Ga implied in Fig. 8 may be indirectly related to the rifting along the western Laurentian margin (Fig. 8). This motion also may cause subduction and strike-slip motions between Siberia, Greenland

Acknowledgments

We thank two anonymous reviewers for their important comments which improved the manuscript. Paleogeographic reconstructions are made with free GPLATES software (http://www.gplates.org/). This is contribution 302 from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and TIGeR publication #454. SP and JT gratefully acknowledge funding from the Marie Curie FP6 Excellence Grant scheme and JMB acknowledges the continuing support of Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of

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Generally, mafic dykes can be generated in different tectonic settings, including arc-related setting and intra-continent setting, which are always related to the assembly and break-up of supercontinent, respectively. Therefore, mafic dykes play an important role in the reconstruction of Precambrian continents (i.e., Pisarevsky et al., 2013; Teixeira et al., 2013). Tarim Craton (TC) is the biggest Precambrian continent in NW China (Lu et al., 2008; Long et al., 2010; Shu et al., 2011).
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Citation Excerpt :
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Paleomagnetism of Cryogenian Kitoi mafic dykes in South Siberia: Implications for Neoproterozoic paleogeography

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Geology and sampling

Analytical methods

Magnetic mineralogy and rock magnetism

760 Ma dykes

Contact tests

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Precambrian Research

Precambrian Research

Precambrian Research

Russian Geology and Geophysics

Tectonophysics

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Tectonophysics

Precambrian Research

Tectonophysics

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Precambrian Research

Precambrian Research

Earth-Science Reviews

Russian Geology and Geophysics

Precambrian Research

Precambrian Research

Carbonatite magmatism and plume activity: implications from the Nd, Pb and Sr isotope systematics of Oldoinyo Lengai

Journal of Petrology

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Nature

Laurentia–Siberia connection revisited

Geology

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Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

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Doklady Earth Sciences

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