The influence of TiO2/CC core/shell pigments on the properties of paper sheets
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The benefits of using mineral fillers in papermaking, particularly for the production of fine printing and writing papers, are widely recognized and thoroughly described in the literature by partial replacement of fibers with cheaper material and improvement of the paper optical properties, bulk and smoothness. For this reason, there is a general interest of the papermaking industry in increasing the filler content of paper, but for that it is also crucial to overcome the main drawbacks related to the presence of the mineral fillers, e.g. decrease in the fiber-to-fiber bonding and as a consequence, reduction of the paper strength properties as well as additional problems of retention, dusting and whitewaters recirculation [1], [2].
Precipitated calcium carbonate is a bright white mineral added to paper pulp as filler in alkaline papers or applied as a coating pigment. Like clay and titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate is added to the papermaking furnish to increase brightness and opacity. It is not as good as titanium dioxide and at the same time it is cheap as clay but with higher optical brightness. Precipitated calcium carbonate cannot be used in the manufacture of acid paper, as it is an alkaline material which reacts strongly with acidic papermaking conditions. It is used in alkaline papermaking, which is receiving increased interest due to the longer longevity of alkaline papers. Calcium carbonate is the most abundant mineral on earth that is not silicon-based; it is cheap and is commonly used as an extender in place of the more expensive titanium dioxide.
Several works have been developed on the modification of precipitated calcium carbonate (CC) by inorganic compounds (e.g. calcium-chelating agents, weak acids, aluminum salts, zinc chloride, and sodium silicate) [1], [2], [3], [4].
Nonetheless, most of the reported modifications of PCC regarding the improvement of its performance are those related to the modification of its surface using organic compounds. Precipitated calcium carbonate has been treated/modified by organic compounds such as starch, starch derivatives, cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan gum, water-soluble synthetic polymers, and polymer latexes [5], [6], [7].
Due to the organic, fibrous, hydrophilic and highly porous nature, paper is easily subjected to microbial attack, ultraviolet degradation and higher water vapor transmission rate. To overcome these problems, new mineral fillers are subjected to work as paper coating to meet the improved quality standards of high grade papers. Use of pigments with an appropriate binder in the coating formulation can help in filling the microvoids and offer better barrier properties [8], [9].
TiO2 is used in paper products usually to improve opacity and brightness. However, its high cost compared to clay and calcium carbonate limits its conventional usage to high value-added printing papers. Also, its low activity which leads to accelerated degradation of the matrix is an essential drawback. Hydroxyl radicals produced on hydrated TiO2 surfaces can oxidatively convert various organic compounds in contact with TiO2 to CO2 and H2O, and thus many studies on TiO2 photo-oxidation have been carried out [10] and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [11], [12]. Paper-based materials in particular are widely used in rooms as, e.g. wallpaper, calendars, writing papers and magazines. Many paper products containing TiO2 photocatalyst are being marketed. However, all such products have great disadvantage that paper materials consisting of organic pulp fibers are easily damaged by TiO2 photocatalysis, so that their physical quality deteriorates during service [13]. Thus, there is a need for commercial TiO2-papers manufactured with an emphasis on preventing material photo-degradation. The contact area of TiO2 with pulp is limited and the pulp degradation should be inhibited to some extent; however, the efficiency for VOC decomposition would decrease with increasing amounts of inactive TiO2 inside the aggregates [9].
Chitosan is known to be nontoxic, biodegradable, antibacterial, and odorless renewable bioresource. It is a derivative of N-deacetylation of chitin which is the second most naturally abundant biopolymer next to cellulose and is readily available from seafood wastes.
The chemical formula of chitosan is 2-amino-2-deoxy-(1–4)-β-d-glucopyranose, much attention has been paid to the industrial applications of chitosan in the past decade, and it has been identified as the potential dry and wet strengthen additive for paper making. Chitosan and its derivatives (carboxymethyl chitosan and chitosan acetate) are used as reinforcement agents for both recent paper and weak historic documents [14], [15], [16].
Gradual changes in the light absorbing ability of paper can occur during its storage, even under relatively ideal conditions. Paper lose its brightness when exposed to light, considering that brightness stability is an important optical property for paper manufacturers and accurate test methods are needed to predict this characteristic of papers. For many years, it has been known that exposure of paper to very short-wavelength ultraviolet, such as 254 nm radiation induces post-irradiation effects, their specific results are influenced by both internal and external factors. Nevertheless, the fact remains that few studies have been carried out specifically to elucidate the behavior of papers subsequent to exposure to the wavelengths of visible and near-ultraviolet radiation normally involved in the display of works on paper, approximately 320–760 nm [17], [18].
Core-shell particles are widely used in different applications like biomedical, pharmaceutical, catalysis, electronics, paper and paint industries. The outstanding potential of core-shell particles arises from the ability of combining more than one component chemically and exerting properties different from either of its individual components. Also combining more than one component leads to new material with improved properties that can get over the disadvantages of the different components to give superior properties if core and shell are suitable [19], [20], [21], [22]. The main concept in the core-shell preparation is precipitating thin shell of active or expensive material on cheap core (waste, extender or natural ore) which represents the major component of the new pigments comprising about 80% of its composition [23].
In this work a new prepared core-shell pigments containing calcium carbonate covered with different layer thickness of titanium dioxide were added with two different techniques on paper sheets, these two techniques include (a) Adding the new pigments and their individual components as ingredients in the paper sheet, or (b) Coating the paper sheets with chitosan and chitosan mixed with the different pigments to compare their effect on the mechanical and physical properties of the sheets.
Section snippets
Preparation of core-shell calcium carbonate-titanium dioxide pigments
Calcium carbonate was first impregnated in two concentrations of titanium tetrachloride in an acid medium, and the mixture was left for a while to be well wetted. Drop-wise addition of ammonia solution took place till pH was adjusted to the neutral, then the formed paste was filtered through a Buchner system and washed. This paste was then calcined at elevated temperatures reaching 750 °C. Two concentrations of titanium dioxide were deposited on calcium carbonate and these concentrations are
SEM/EDX analysis
The SEM photos represented in Fig. 1 showed that the core-shell particles have huge plates of calcium carbonate carrying on their surfaces smaller plates of titanium dioxide. This plate structures give high build to the matrix and since these plates are surrounded by other plates, it is assumed that the smaller plates place themselves in the voids between the calcium carbonate plates giving more strength to the film, but as the concentration of titanium dioxide increases their particles begin
Conclusions
The prepared core-shell pigments containing TiO2/CC and denoted the symbols CT1 and CT2 according to the thickness of the TiO2 shell were applied both as filler in the paper furnish and as a coat on the paper sheets. The results showed that, adding 15% CT1 increased the retention (40.77%), but it was less than that of CT2 (55.14%). Due to the highest filler retention of calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, core-shell pigments CT1 and CT2, an improvement in brightness and opacity of the paper
References (32)
- et al.
Carboxymethyl cellulose/alum modified precipitated calcium carbonate fillers: preparation and their use in papermaking
Carbohydr. Polym.
(2010) - et al.
Filler modification for papermaking with starch/oleic acid complexes with the aid of calcium ions
Carbohydr. Polym.
(2013) - et al.
Functional behaviour of paper coated with zinc oxide-soluble starch nanocomposites
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
(2010) - et al.
Preparation and characteristics of high performance paper containing titanium dioxide photocatalyst supported on inorganic fiber matrix
Chemosphere
(2003) - et al.
Mechanical and electrical properties of paper sheets treated with chitosan and its derivatives
Carbohydr. Polym.
(2006) - et al.
Corrosion studies on tailored Zn. Co Aluminate/Kaolin core-shell pigments in alkyd based paints
Prog. Org. Coat.
(2012) - et al.
The effect of zinc oxide-phosphate core-shell pigments on the properties of blend rubber composites
Mater. Des.
(2013) - et al.
Preparation and modification of Nano calcium carbonate filler from waste marble dust and commercial limestone for papermaking wet end application
Powder Technol.
(2015) - et al.
Synergy of CMC and modified chitosan on strength properties of cellulosic fiber network
Carbohydr. Polym.
(2010) - et al.
Thermal decomposition kinetics of natural fibers: activation energy with dynamic thermogravimetric analysis
Polym. Degrad. Stab.
(2008)