Research articleCloning and characterization of VIGG, a novel virus-induced grapevine protein, correlated with fruit quality
Introduction
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is an ancient species and is one of the most widely cultivated worldwide. Current cultivars of grapevine are susceptible to many kinds of pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Viral infection, in particular, causes severe damage to the quality and yield of grape berries. Grapevine is a host to more than 40 viruses [1]. Therefore, techniques to identify viral species in virus-infected grapevines and to monitor virus transmission in vineyards have been developed, including ELISA with anti-virus antibodies [2], [3] and real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) with virus-specific primers [4], [5]. However, the management of viral infection in vineyards remains insufficient and it is not possible to completely eliminate viruses from grapevine using any currently available method. Although antiviral agents, such as tiazofurin, mycophenolic acid, and ribavirin have been investigated [6], [7], no chemotherapeutic management of viral infection has been put into practical use in vineyards thus far. Another approach, namely, the genetic transformation of grapevines to confer resistance to viruses, has been considered [8], [9], [10]. Subsequent to the suggestion of Lomonossoff [11] regarding pathogen-derived resistance to plant viruses, transgenic grapevines expressing viral coat protein have been engineered [12], [13]. Although transgenic grapevines showed resistance to viral infection, some risks, such as environmental safety, have been identified with the use and application of genetically modified plants [12]. It also appears that it would take a significant amount of time to achieve social acceptance of genetically modified plants.
Viral infection has led to decreases in grapevine biomass and fruit quality by decreasing sugar content, delaying ripening, and suppressing anthocyanin accumulation [14], [15]. To understand physiological changes in virus-infected grapevine, molecular events associated with viral compatible diseases in grapevine have been investigated using DNA microarray technology [16], [17]. The expression of genes involved in biological and physiological functions was induced by viral infection, while chloroplast genes were repressed in the plant–virus compatible interaction [16]. Various photosynthetic activities in chloroplasts were also reduced in virus-infected leaves [18], [19]. Furthermore, senescence-associated genes, such as protease and lipase genes, which were elevated in senescent leaves [20], were expressed at elevated levels in virus-infected grapevine [17]. This relationship between viral infection and senescence may represent a strategy to recycle nutrients from infected tissues and to mobilize them for transportation to distant tissues, allowing a plant-virus compatible interaction to be established, even for long periods of time [17]. Thus, there is no doubt that the identification of all the genes or proteins that change in a compatible interaction between virus and grapevine represents one approach to answering the question “Why do viruses reduce fruit quality?”. However, it is difficult to apply data derived from DNA microarray or proteomic analysis to bioinformatics evaluation in the compatible interaction. This is due to the large number of proteins that are selected as candidates for effector proteins that have the ability to change the physiological, as well as pathological, conditions of virus-infected grapevines. On the other hand, classical cloning strategies, such as the differential display method [21] and the subtractive hybridization method [22], are still useful in identifying novel virus-induced proteins. Their advantage lies in their being able to characterize the function of the proteins much more easily than the exhaustive DNA microarray technique.
In the present study, we report the molecular cloning and characterization of a novel virus-induced grapevine protein. By using the RT–PCR-based differential display method that compares the gene expression patterns in virus-infected grapevine with those in virus-free grapevine, we identified a novel and unique virus-induced grapevine protein and named it “virus-induced grapevine protein”, VIGG. VIGG expression was induced by infection with grapevine virus A (GVA). VIGG was localized in or around the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and expressed upon ER stress induction in grapevine cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that VIGG expression in grapevines might be correlated with fruit quality.
Section snippets
Cloning of VIGG from virus-infected grapevine
RT–PCR was used to determine the localization of viruses in leaf tissue of virus-infected grapevine (Virus+ in this study) infected by grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), GVA, grapevine virus B (GVB), and Rupestris stem pitting associated virus (RSPaV). Although GVA was detected in total RNA isolated from whole leaves, RNA genomes of GLRaV-3, GVB, and RSPaV appeared to be present at significantly lower levels (Fig. 1A), suggesting that these viruses localized in the sub-tissues of
Discussion
The present study demonstrated that the novel virus-induced grapevine protein VIGG is: (1) a unique protein of virus-infected grapevines; (2) expressed by GVA infection; (3) localized in or around ER; (4) induced by ER stress; and (5) correlated with fruit quality.
Differential display of transcripts by RT–PCR is a powerful tool to identify up- or down-regulated genes associated with interesting phenomena [21], [25]. This experimental technique detects rare transcripts and does not require any
Plant materials
Nine grapevines of Vitis vinifera cv. Koshu in the experimental vineyard of The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Japan, were used during the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. The grapevines were naturally infected by several plant pathogenic viruses as follows: grapevine A (Virus+ in this study) was simultaneously infected by GLRaV-3, GVA, GVB, and RSPaV; grapevine B was also infected by GLRaV-3, GVA, GVB, and RSPaV; grapevine C was infected by GLRaV3; grapevines D
Acknowledgements
We thank Professor Issei Kobayashi (Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mie University, Japan) for providing A. tumefaciens LBA4404 strain. We are grateful to Masanori Moriya of the University of Yamanashi for careful maintenance of virus-infected grapevines in the experimental vineyard. This research was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) No. 19580026, from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan to S.S.
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