Sensitivity and biochemical characteristics of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to propamidine
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Section snippets
1. Introduction
The filamentous ascomycete fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic plant pathogen with a broad host range and a worldwide distribution [1], [2]. The fungus is highly destructive and capable of infecting more than 400 species of plants from at least 270 genera and 75 families throughout the world. Many economically important crops and vegetables such as common bean, oilseed rape, soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cabbage, and lettuce can be infected [3], [4], [5].
2.1. Fungicides and media
Propamidine (97.0%) in technical grade was provided by the Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticide in Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (Shaanxi Province, China). Dimethachlon (90.0%) in technical grade was provided by Wenzhou Pesticide Factory (Zhejiang Province, China). They were dissolved in methanol (> 99.5%) to 10 mg/mL for stock solution. Carbendazim (98.0%) in technical grade was provided by Shenyang Academy of Chemistry and Industry (Shengyang, China) and was
3.1. Baseline sensitivity to propamidine
A total of 78 S. sclerotiorum strains which had not been exposed to propamidine were tested on PSA plates for their sensitivity to propamidine by inhibition of mycelial growth. The EC50 values for propamidine ranged from 0.406 to 3.647 μg/mL with a mean EC50 value of 1.616 ± 0.217 μg/mL. The frequency distribution of the EC50 values was a unimodal curve over a narrow range (Fig. 1) and the range of variation factor was 8.983. These unimodality and narrow range indicated that no resistant
4. Discussion
The ascomycete fungus S. sclerotiorum is highly destructive with a broad host range. In practice, application of fungicides is still the main method for control of Sclerotinia stem rot caused by S. sclerotiorum. However, the fungus has developed resistant to dicarboximide and benzimidazole fungicides worldwide due to their repeated application. Therefore, new chemical classes of fungicides with different mode of action are necessary for resistant management. Propamidine is an aromatic diamidine
Acknowledgements
This study was sponsored by the funding from National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (2014BAD23B01) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M592846).
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