ReviewFunctional significance of bioactive peptides derived from soybean
Introduction
Bioactive peptides are specific protein fragments that have a positive impact on body functions and may ultimately influence health. Mellander was the first to describe food derived bioactive peptides by reporting that ingestion of casein-derived phosphorylated peptides led to enhanced vitamin D-independent calcification in rachitic neonates [76]. Since then, multitudinous peptides with various bioactivities have been identified. More than 1500 different bioactive peptides have been reported in a database named ‘Biopep’ [22], as well as database BioPD (bioactive polypeptide database) has also reported more than 1250 peptide with different functional significance. Bioactivities of peptides, encrypted in proteins, are latent until, once they released from their parental protein, they may act as physiological modulators with hormone-like activity. Majority of natural processes within the body are signaled or modulated by the interaction of specific amino acid sequences, either in the form of peptides or fragments of proteins, so they hold future promise for a wide range of therapeutic applications [26]. Bioactive peptides, depending upon their amino acid sequence, may influence the major body systems such as cardiovascular, digestive, nervous and immune. The bioactive peptides sequence size, vary from two to twenty amino acid residues, but some peptides (Lunasin 43 amino acid) have long chain of amino acid. Most of the bioactive peptides exhibit specific biofuctional attribute such as lunasin having anticancer properties, but some peptides have found with multifunctional properties, caseinophosphopeptides, milk derived peptide, having mineral binding as well as cytomodulatory effects and inhibit cancer cell growth or stimulate the activity of immunocompetent cells and neonatal intestinal cells [74].
Although milk and milk products are greatly studied as source of bioactive peptides, many bioactive peptides are also found in other animal and plant sources like egg, fish, oyster, cereal (rice, wheat, soybean, buckwheat, barley, and corn), soybean, and radish seeds [64], [72], [117]. Royal jelly (RJ), a bee product has also been discovered as a good source of ACE-inhibitory peptides [73]. Soybean (Glycine max) is economically the most important bean in the world, providing vegetable protein for millions of people and ingredients for hundreds of chemical products and a potential source of bioactive peptides. Soy proteins are abundant and relatively inexpensive source of protein having high nutritional value and excellent functional properties. They are not only the excellent source of dietary protein, but additionally having antihypertensive, anticholesterolemic, antioxidative and anticancer activity. Glycinin and β-conglycinin, accounting for 65–80% of total soy proteins, are the precursor of most of the isolated peptides [113]. β-Conglycinin composed of three subunits (α, α′ and β) which share a large degree of amino acid homologies. On the other hand Glycinin, have five major subunits, G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5. All the essential amino acid those found in animal protein is present in soy proteins. In addition nutritional value of soy protein is around equal to animal protein of high biological value. For example, isolated soy protein has a protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of 1.0, which is same as that of casein and egg protein. However, soy proteins contain low methionine/glycine and lysine/arginine ratios compared to casein. Soymilk is a suitable food for lactose-intolerant consumers, vegetarians and milk-allergy patients, as it is free of cholesterol, gluten and lactose [19]. Soy milk provides adequate proteins, iron, unsaturated fatty acids and other nutrients but contains low fat, carbohydrates and calcium. It naturally has the same amount of protein as cow's milk. Several bioactive peptides have been isolated, purified and characterized from soy milk with ACE-inhibitory, hypocholestromic, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities (Table 1). Foods containing sufficient soy protein (6.25 g of soy protein per reference amount customarily consumed) are permitted in the United States to carry a health claim on their labels based on evidence that consumption of soy protein can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (FDA). Aglycin, a natural bioactive peptide isolated from soybean, is stable in digestive enzymes and has an antidiabetic potential. Study demonstrated that oral administration of aglycin can potentially attenuate or prevent hyperglycemia by increasing insulin receptor signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle of streptozotocin/high-fat-diet-induced diabetic mice [66]. Atheroprotective role of bioactive peptides derived from soy protein such as β-conglycinin and glycinin were also studied and suggested their preventing effect through absorption from the intestinal tract [79].
Section snippets
Bioactive peptides mechanism of action
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been recognized as the biggest cause of death worldwide. The renine–angiotensin system regulates blood pressure and fluid balance, and plays an important role in the physiology of CVDs. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), is a nonspecific dipeptidyl carboxy peptidase, converts the inactive decapeptide angiotensin I by cleaving dipeptide from the C-terminus into the potent vasoconstricting octapeptide angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This
Production of bioactive peptides
Bioactive peptides can be produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using proteolytic enzymes of digestive system or microbial origin, microbial fermentation and food processing (Fig. 1).
Antihypertensive
Hypertension is the main cause of several risk factors such as heart failure, stroke, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction. Antihypertensive peptides are the most greatly studied bioactive peptides in foods; they exhibit their activity by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme. Bioactive peptides such as valyl-prolyl-proline (Val-Pro-Pro), isoleucyl-prolyl-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro) and (Tyr-Pro) exhibited ACE-inhibitory activity and blood pressure lowering effect in spontaneously
Conclusion
Soybean has a great potential of supplying peptides that functionally significance. Bioactive peptides can be incorporated in the form of ingredients in functional and fresh foods, dietary supplements and even pharmaceuticals with the aim of delivering specific health benefits. Peptides from soy are currently the subject of investigation of new drugs and functional food ingredients for gut health and modulating the intestinal absorption of nutrients because of their biofunctional activity. Most
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