Geochronology and geochemistry of porphyritic intrusions in the Duolong porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au district, central Tibet: Implications for the genesis and exploration of porphyry copper deposits
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) supply three-quarters of the world's Cu and one-fifth of the Au (Sillitoe, 2010). Therefore, a better understanding of the genesis of PCDs can not only provide comprehensive insight into the evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal systems (Hedenquist and Lowenstern, 1994, Bissig et al., 2003, Rusk et al., 2008, Richards, 2009), but also facilitate mineral exploration as the recognition of physical and chemical features of porphyry systems could lead to the discovery of concealed ore deposits (Wilkinson, 2013).
Although the orthomagmatic model for the formation of PCDs has been widely accepted (Burnham, 1979a, Burnham, 1979b, Cloos, 2001), implying genetic relationship between igneous processes and generation of PCDs, the scarcity of PCDs, compared with the widespread intermediate to felsic calc-alkaline intrusions around the world, indicates that some other factor controls the mineral potential. Numerous studies have been carried out to identify the factors that make magmas “productive” with respect to the development of mineralization. These include tectonic setting (Solomon, 1990, Cooke et al., 2005), the development of unusually Cu-rich parent magmas (Core and Kesler, 2006, Griffin et al., 2013), the high water content of the magma (Liu et al., 2010, Richards et al., 2012, Loucks, 2014, Wang et al., 2014), the addition of sulphur and/or metals from underlying mafic magmas (Hattori and Keith, 2001, Halter et al., 2005), and/or the oxidation state of the magma (Candela, 1992, Ballard et al., 2002). Other studies suggest that the formation of PCDs and associated high sulfidation Cu-Au epithermal deposits simply arise from the coincidence of common geological processes that are able to assemble unusually large accumulations of metal (Richards, 2003, Richards, 2015).
The Duolong district (32°42′–32°55′N, 83°16′–83°46′E), at an elevation of 4900 m, is located in central Tibet. In contrast to the Gangdese porphyry copper belt (GPCB) along the Indus–Yarlung suture zone (IYSZ), southern Tibet, where many porphyry copper deposits are well studied (Beaudoin et al., 2005, Hou et al., 2009, Yang et al., 2009, Mao et al., 2014), the Duolong district is located in the central Tibet, where basic geologic investigation is challenged by the harsh environment. The Duolong district consists of four major Cu–Au porphyry deposits, Bolong, Duobuza, Naruo, and Rongna (Fig. 1), and exploration has delineated a resource of 1.2 Gt of ore grading 0.4% Cu and 0.2 g/t Au (Tang et al., 2014), which makes Duolong one of the most important metallogenic districts in China. Research on the rocks hosting the Duolong Deposit has established a preliminary geochronological framework of magmatism and mineralization (She et al., 2009, Zhu et al., 2011, Li et al., 2011, Fang et al., 2015), and outlined the general sequence of petrogenesis (Li et al., 2013, Li et al., 2014). In this paper, we present new petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, geochronologic and isotopic data for barren and economically mineralized porphyritic intrusions from the Duobuza and Naruo deposits. We provide Re–Os age dates of molybdenite from the Naruo deposit to complement the existing geochronological framework data for rocks from the Duolong district, and we present results from an investigation of the petrological processes of magmatic systems at Duolong and the mechanism for the genesis of PCDs. We propose that indicator minerals may be used to distinguish mineralized from barren porphyries.
Section snippets
Regional geological framework
The Duolong district is located at the southern margin of the Qiangtang terrane, to the north of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ) in Tibet (Fig. 1). The BNSZ extends over 2000 km across the central Tibetan Plateau and represents the remnants of the Bangong–Nujiang Tethyan Ocean (Zhu et al., 2013). An angular unconformity between the Upper Triassic flysch and the underlying ophiolites in Baila (Chen and Zhang, 2005) indicates that the Bangong–Nujiang Tethyan Ocean might have formed in the
Sampling methods and analytical techniques
Sample locations and petrological descriptions of each intrusion unit collected for U-Pb dating and geochemical studies are presented in the Table 1. Samples from the economically mineralized intrusions were selected from the areas of low vein density and all optically visible veins were removed from them prior to analysis. In addition, four molybdenite-bearing samples from quartz–magnetite–chalcopyrite–molybdenite veins (Fig. 3g) in the Naruo deposit were collected for Re–Os dating to
Alteration
Both economically mineralized and barren intrusions display similar major and trace element contents (Electronic Appendix, Table A3), indicating the original major and trace element contents of analyzed samples were preserved, hence, the major and trace element geochemistry data presented in this paper are appropriate for constraining petrogenetic processes at Duolong.
The chemical composition of amphiboles from the economically mineralized intrusions has rarely been reported for porphyry
Temporal evolution of magmas and ores at Duolong
Detailed field mapping reveals that the Duolong Cu–Au district incorporates multiple hypabyssal intrusive and hydrothermal centers. Previous studies reported the mineralized granodiorite porphyry at Rongna intruded at 120.2 ± 1.0 Ma, and then mineralization took place at 119.0 ± 1.4 Ma (Fang et al., 2015). The mineralized porphyry at the Bolong deposit intruded at 118 ~ 117 Ma (Li et al., 2013), which overlap with the molybdenite Re–Os age of 119.0 ± 1.4 Ma (Zhu et al., 2011). The new U–Pb ages of two
Conclusions
The mineralogical, geochemical, geochronologic and isotopic data reveal the intrusive and hydrothermal events at Duolong occurred within a short time span (119–117 Ma), and all the porphyritic intrusions were sourced from mixtures of mantle-derived and crust-derived felsic melts, which experienced recharge of mafic magmas.
The amphibole compositions indicate the magma chambers related to the generation of PCDs had lower temperatures and pressures (754° to 791 °C, 59 M to 73 MPa), whereas the magma
Acknowledgment
This study was funded by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41102205, 41503016); a Program of the China Geological Survey (grant no. 1212011120994); Special Funds Projects for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Mineral Resources Research Institutes in Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (grant nos. K1208, K1213); a project of China Geological Survey (The metallogenic regularity and deposit model of the Meso-Cenozoic Porphyry/Skarn Cu deposits, Southwest
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2022, Ore Geology ReviewsCitation Excerpt :The Duolong porphyry-epithermal ore district, which contains about 20 million tons of Cu and 420 tons of Au, is an emerging world-class metallogenic area in the western part of the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt, Tibet (China) (Tang et al., 2014; Tang et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2017).