Postnatal shifts of interneuron position in the neocortex of normal and reeler mice: evidence for inward radial migration
Section snippets
Animals and genotyping
Mice were used according to a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Washington, and in accordance with NIH guidelines. All efforts were made to minimize the number of mice used, as well as any pain or suffering. B6 Reln heterozygous mutant mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME, USA) and bred in a colony. Homozygous (−/−) mice were recognized phenotypically by ataxic behavior, abnormal cerebellar anatomy, and/or cortical
Changing distributions of interneurons in normal and reeler postnatal cortex
To label interneurons, antibodies against two markers were used: (1) GABA, which is expressed in migrating and mature interneurons; and (2) Dlx transcription factors (pan-Dlx antibody), which are expressed in interneurons and their precursors (Anderson et al., 1997, Eisenstat et al., 1999). GABA and Dlx were both used, to ensure that all stages of interneuron maturation were detected. To minimize potential variations of laminar fate due to gradients of cortical development (Caviness et al., 2000
Conclusions
Our results suggest that interneurons and projection neurons undergo distinct radial migrations during the first postnatal week (Fig. 10). It appears that middle- and late-born interneurons migrate both “inward” from the mz, and “outward” from the iz and vz/svz, to predetermined positions in the cortical plate. In contrast, late-born projection neurons migrate mainly outward from the iz. Despite their different migrations, the same cohorts of interneurons and projection neurons converge on
Discussion
We used cell birthdating and double labeling for interneuron markers (GABA and Dlx) to test the hypothesis that cortical interneurons migrate radially during the first postnatal week. Previous studies have found that interneurons can migrate both toward and away from the ventricle during embryonic life, but the magnitude and duration of inward migration have been uncertain (Nadarajah et al., 2002, Nadarajah et al., 2003, Polleux et al., 2002, Tanaka et al., 2003). Quite recently, studies by Ang
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (K08 NS01973), the Marian E. Smith Award, the Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation (40th Mallinckrodt Scholar), and the Shaw Professorship in Investigative Neuropathology to R.F.H.
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