The mapped pattern of kainate on blood pressure responses is similar to that of l-proline in the ventrolateral medulla of the rat
Section snippets
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology of Japan and by Tsuchiya Foundation.
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Sex differences in NMDA GluN1 plasticity in rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons containing corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor following slow-pressor angiotensin II hypertension
2015, NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :Glutamate plays an important role in regulating sympathetic outflow from the RVLM via neurons projecting to the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord (Chan and Chan, 2014). Microinjection of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) in the RVLM results in a pressor response in normal animals (Kagiyama et al., 2001; Takemoto, 2007) and spontaneously hypertensive rats show an exaggerated pressor response to RVLM NMDA administration (Lin et al., 2005). In addition, RVLM NMDA receptors have been shown to play an important role in the pressor response following carotid body chemoreceptor stimulation (Kubo et al., 1993) and muscle contraction (Reidman et al., 2000), as well as in the elevated blood pressure seen in rats with chronic heart failure (Wang et al., 2009) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (Lin et al., 1995, 2005; Zhang and Abdel-Rahman, 2002).
L-Cysteine and l-AP4 microinjections in the rat caudal ventrolateral medulla decrease arterial blood pressure
2014, Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and ClinicalCitation Excerpt :The neurotransmitter candidate amino acid l-proline is another amino acid that produces cardiovascular changes after injection into the cisterna magna of freely moving rats (Takemoto, 1990, 1991, 1995a). Interestingly, l-proline microinjections into the NTS (50 to 200 mM) and CVLM (3 to 100 mM) produced depressor responses just as l-cysteine did (3 to 100 mM both for NTS and CVLM), but did not produce responses in the RVLM (10 to 1000 mM) different from l-cysteine's action (3 to 100 mM) (Takemoto, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2014a,b). This may suggest more important central roles of l-cysteine in cardiovascular modification.
Maps of cardiovascular and respiratory regions of rat ventral medulla: Focus on the caudal medulla
2009, Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy