Thermal management for free convection of nanofluid using two phase model
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Control volume finite element method (CVFEM) is a scheme that uses the advantages of both finite volume and finite element methods for simulation of multi-physics problems in complex geometries [1], [2]. Soleimani et al. [3] studied natural convection heat transfer in a semi-annulus enclosure filled with nanofluid using CVFEM. They found that the angle of turn has an important effect on the streamlines, isotherms and maximum or minimum values of local Nusselt number. Sheikholeslami et al. [4] studied the problem of natural convection between a circular enclosure and a sinusoidal cylinder. They concluded that streamlines, isotherms, and the number, size and formation of the cells inside the enclosure strongly depend on the Rayleigh number, values of amplitude and the number of undulations of the enclosure. Also this method was applied successively for simulating different practical problems [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10].
The nanofluid can be applied to engineering problems, such as heat exchangers, cooling of electronic equipments and chemical processes. Almost all of the researchers assumed that nanofluids treated as the common pure fluid and conventional equations of mass, momentum and energy are used and the only effect of nanofluid is its thermal conductivity and viscosity which are obtained from the theoretical models or experimental data. These researchers assumed that nanoparticles are in thermal equilibrium and there aren't any slip velocities between the nanoparticles and fluid molecules, thus they have a uniform mixture of nanoparticles. Khanafer et al. [11] conducted a numerical investigation on the heat transfer enhancement due to adding nano-particles in a differentially heated enclosure. They found that the suspended nanoparticles substantially increase the heat transfer rate at any given Grashof number. Rashidi et al. [12] considered the analysis of the second law of thermodynamics applied to an electrically conducting incompressible nanofluid fluid flowing over a porous rotating disk. They concluded that using magnetic rotating disk drives have important applications in heat transfer enhancement in renewable energy systems and industrial thermal management. Sheikholeslami et al. [13] studied the natural convection in a concentric annulus between a cold outer square and heated inner circular cylinders in presence of static radial magnetic field. They reported that average Nusselt number is an increasing function of nanoparticle volume fraction as well as Rayleigh number, while it is a decreasing function of Hartmann number. Sheikholeslami et al. [14] analyzed the magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow and heat transfer between two horizontal plates in a rotating system. Their results indicated that, for both suction and injection Nusselt number has a direct relationship with nanoparticle volume fraction. Recently several authors investigated about nanofluid flow and heat transfer [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35].
All the above studies assumed that the nanoparticle concentration is uniform. It is believed that in natural convection of nanofluids, the nanoparticles could not accompany fluid molecules due to some slip mechanisms such as Brownian motion and thermophoresis, so the volume fraction of nanofluids may not be uniform anymore and there would be a variable concentration of nanoparticles in a mixture. Nield and Kuznetsov [36] studied the natural convection in a horizontal layer of a porous medium saturated by a nanofluid. Their analysis revealed that for a typical nanofluid (with large Lewis number) the prime effect of the nanofluids is via a buoyancy effect coupled with the conservation of nanoparticles, the contribution of nanoparticles to the thermal energy equation being a second-order effect. Sheikholeslami et al. [37] used heatline analysis to simulate two phase simulation of nanofluid flow and heat transfer. Their results indicated that the average Nusselt number decreases as buoyancy ratio number increases until it reaches a minimum value and then starts increasing. Khan and Pop [38] published a paper on boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet. They indicated that the reduced Nusselt number is a decreasing function of each dimensionless number. Hassani et al. [39] investigated the problem of boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet. They found that the reduced Nusselt number decreases with the increase in Prandtl number for many Brownian motion numbers.
The main aim of present study is to investigate nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a semi-annulus enclosure via CVFEM. The combined effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion are considered to get the gradient of nanoparticles' volume fraction. Effects of buoyancy ratio number, Lewis number and angle of turn for the enclosure on flow and heat transfer are considered.
Section snippets
Geometry definition and boundary conditions
The schematic diagram and the mesh of the semi-annulus enclosure used in the present CVFEM program are shown in Fig. 1. The inner and outer walls are maintained at constant temperatures Th and Tc respectively while the two other walls are thermally insulated. Also the boundary conditions of concentration are similar to temperature.
Problem formulation
The nanofluid's density, ρ, is
where ρf is the base fluid's density, Tc is the reference temperature, ρf0 is the base fluid's density at the reference temperature, and β is the volumetric coefficient of expansion. Taking the density of base fluid as that of the nanofluid, the density ρ in Eq. (2), thus becomeswhere ρ0 is the nanofluid's density at the reference temperature.
The continuity and momentum under Boussinesq approximation and energy
Grid testing and code validation
To guarantee the grid-independency of the present solution a mesh testing procedure was conducted. Different mesh combinations were explored for the case of Ra = 105, Nr = 4, Nt = Nb = 0.5, Le = 8, γ = 90° and Pr = 10 as shown in Table 1. The present code was tested for grid independence by calculating the average Nusselt number on the inner circular wall. In harmony with this, it was found that a grid size of 81 × 241 ensures a grid-independent solution. The convergence criterion for the termination of all
Results and discussion
Natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure filled with nanofluid is investigated numerically using CVFEM. Effects of buoyancy ratio number (Nr = 0.1 to 4), Lewis number (Le = 2, 4, 6 and 8) and angle of turn for the enclosure (γ = 30°, 60°to 90°) on flow and heat transfer characteristics are examined. Brownian motion parameter of nanofluid (Nb = 0.5), thermophoretic parameter of nanofluid (Nt = 0.5), thermal Rayleigh number (Ra = 105) and Prandtl number (Pr = 10) are fixed.
Effects of angle of turn,
Conclusions
Nanofluid flow and heat transfer are studied numerically using CVFEM. The transport equations used in the analysis took into account the effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. The effects of angle of turn, buoyancy ratio number and Lewis number on flow and heat transfer characteristics have been examined. The results show that Nusselt number has direct relationship with buoyancy ratio number while it has reverse relationship with Lewis number and angle of turn. Also it can be
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2020, International Communications in Heat and Mass TransferCitation Excerpt :As a result, he casted these two mechanisms in governing equations known as two-component four-equation system. With the aid of the Buongiorno's system of equation, investigators have found reasonable explanations for the enhancement of the heat transfer with the rising of the volume fraction of nanoparticles [26–34]. On the other hand, some studies have revealed, by comparison, that the outcomes of the two-phase Buongiorno model imply to the virtue of the Brownian motion and the thermophoresis diffusion in the giving rise the heat transfer rates over that obtained from the homogenous single-phase model [35,36].