Effect of gamma irradiation on carbon dot decorated polyethylene-gold@ hydroxyapatite biocomposite on titanium implanted repair for shoulder joint arthroplasty

Highlights

• A novel fabrication of carbon dot decorated hylamer‑gold@hydroxyapatite biocomposite on titanium.

• Development of morphology, mechanical and biological properties for the favor of shoulder bone tissue rejuvenation.

• Excellent in vitro osteoblast proliferation of MG-63 cell on the biocomposite coating.

• Very suitable biocomposite coated implant for shoulder bone tissue rejuvenation applications.

Abstract

High disappointment rate of the ligament to hard tissue mending after the medical procedure has dependably been a testing issue in rotator cuff repair. Considering the elasticity of carbon dot decorated polyethylene (f-CDs-PE) and osteogenic movement of gold substituted hydroxyapatite (Au@HA) bioceramic, f-CDs-PE-Au@HA biocomposite coatings were created by an electrophoretic deposition method (EPD), the in vivo and in vitro bioactivity and cytocompatibility were researched. The physico-chemical properties of f-CDs-PE-Au@HA biocomposite coatings were characterized using fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and X-Ray diffractometery (XRD). The morphology of the fabricated biocomposites was analyses via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. With a gamma-irradiation of f-CDs-PE-Au@HA biocomposite coating (BC₂), the bond and multiplication of cells on biocomposite coating were improved. The specimen with a f-CDs-PE-Au@HA biocomposite (BC₂) demonstrated a most noteworthy alkaline phosphatase activity articulation. The animal model consequences additionally show that the f-CDs-PE-Au@HA biocomposite (BC₂) had great bioactive and cytocompatibility, which could develop the association of collagen and the arrangement of ligament and hard tissue. Expansion of the gamma-ray irradiation with f-CDs-PE-Au@HA biocomposite coating (BC₂) at the tendon- hard tissue crossing point was exhibited to reinforce the mending entheses, increment hard tissue and tendon development and progress collagen association contrasted and control. The above outcomes have recommended that the progressive, implantable and solid stringy platforms built utilizing EPD extraordinary potential for enlargement of rotator cuff tears-recuperating.

Introduction

Rotator cuff tear is a typical illness in the old, which may prompt shoulder agony and handicap [1]. Rotator cuff tear frequently happens at the ligament-bone inclusion site [2]. Ligament bone inclusion site is a fibro-cartilaginous progress region between bone and ligament, which provides to limit pressure focus at the intersection between hard tissue (bone) and delicate tissue (ligament) and to help the correspondence among numerous cell types to keep up interface capacity and homeostasis [3,4]. Considering the superb osseointegration and osteoinductivity of bioactive ceramics, they have pulled in an ever-increasing number of considerations in the field of ligament to bone recuperating [5,6]. Bio-ceramic including hydroxyapatite (HA) has been acquainted with improve the ligament to bone recuperating [7,8]. To advance the physiological attraction to the delicate tissue in tendon reproduction, HA with collagen composite was additionally infused into the inclusion site [9]. In past investigations with respect to ligament-bone recuperating upgrade, apatite has been shown to have beneficial outcomes in foremost cruciate tendon recreation models and rotator cuff tear fix models [[10], [11], [12]]. Conversely, assortments of biocomposite materials have been investigated with encouraging outcomes for ligament to hard tissue recuperating. Han et al. and, Kolluru et al. announced a ceramic-polymer biocomposite as a scaffold for both un-mineralized and mineralized tissues [13,14].

Polyethylene is one of the designing thermoplastics that have astounding mechanical and cytocompatibility properties [15]. Its items, for example, HDPE and polyethylene (PE), have been utilized as bearing parts in absolute joint substitutions because of their incredible properties [16]. It has been accounted for that PE can animate and improve the mending of the ligament to hard tissue fix to some degree [17]. PE composites consolidated with apatite have likewise been seriously investigated for hard tissue engineering since it can join the upsides of PE and bioceramics [18]. For the above reasons, it is normal that f-CDs-PE-Au@HA composite coatings can fill in as an incredible “connects” to interface hard tissues and ligament and advance the recuperating of the ligament to hard tissue addition. Also, PE could give a delicate lattice to ligament cells to join and develop.

In case of load bearing inserts like hard tissues applications, the inserts require essential solidness for ensuing osteogenesis with the encompassing bone tissue [19]. The procedure requires solid structural obsession of the implant in the encompassing articulating hard tissues. The covering exterior is frequently scratched and rubbed by encompassing articulating hard tissues amid the procedure [20]. This biodegradation procedure of the film can be s superlatively mimicked with reasonable scratch obstruction investigating progression. Additional, in the long haul in vivo utilization, ceaseless stacking and emptying cycle for orthopedic inserts likewise cause the consistent scraped area of the inserts exterior. This may brings about deposition disappointment and thus prompts antagonistic responses inside the body and consequently disappointment of the inserts. Additional, it is required to clean all artificial embeds ideally with-beam with an estimated radiation dose of 25 kGy [[21], [22], [23], [24], [25]]. This γ-light is perfect, advantageous, and compelling techniques for the cleansing of embed substances, which dispenses with the requirement for any unique bundling. The previous studies, researchers have made a clinical report and some detailed investigations on artificial joint implantation by applied with γ-irradiated composited biomaterials have been demonstrated that improved wear resistance properties comparable to the available conventional materials, in the presence and absence of accelerated aging. The alternative changes in the properties of crystalline structure, surface morphology had been found in the higher doses (30–150 kGy) of gamma irradiation for titanium-based alloys. Nevertheless, it was not observed in the low dose of gamma radiation, which is exhibited that lesser doses were insignificant. From the literature, the gamma irradiation doses at about 25 kGy (rate of 9.54 kGy/h) have been improved the bonding strength abilities of the bio-demineralized bone matrix composited materials. The impact of γ- light on the natural properties of interface/coating has been examined in detail especially on polymeric composites [[26], [27], [28], [29], [30]].

In this report, we have been prepared a novel nanoformulated f-CDs-PE-Au@HA composite through gamma irradiation for the first time. And also it is the very first time to provide detailed biological analysis of dual carbon dot and Au nanoparticles loaded nanocomposite for the bone implant applications. The reason for the present investigation was to assess whether the intervention of f-CDs-PE-Au@HA composite could improve the in vitro and in vivo properties in a rodent rotator cuff tear renovate representation. The researcher theorized that a) the mediation of f-CDs-PE-Au@HA composite amid rotator cuff tear fix would upgrade the ligament- hard tissue site mending; and a) f-CDs-PE-Au@HA composite would advance ligaments and tendons arrangement, and improve the recuperating structure in the interface region. In general, the current investigations conjectured that impact of γ-illumination on the f-CDs-PE-Au@HA composite coating was assessed by in vitro & in vivo test and contrasted with that of pure f-CDs-PE-Au@HA composite covering and exhibit a superior advancing impact in the interface territory.