The construction of an improved model of acute subdural hematoma in rats
Introduction
Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is a common secondary lesion of traumatic craniocerebral injury that is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates (Yılmaz et al., 2019). However, research on ASDH remains mainly clinical, and one of the reasons for the lack of laboratory research is that animal models are rare. Therefore, stable and easy-to-operate animal models are necessary. Currently, almost all laboratory studies on acute subdural hematoma use the rat model created by Miller (Miller et al., 1990), which is difficult to create, given that the failure and mortality rates are high. This model has previously been shown to be stable, but the tools used to create the model and the process of creating the model are difficult for other researchers to replicate and are prone to failure. The failure rate of early learning can be as high as 50 %. Failure includes death, an incorrect injection site, particularly severe cortical damage, etc., and the odds of failure range from 10 to 25%. Thus, experimental animals are often lost for unnecessary reasons. Experienced operators can reduce the failure rate to less than 15 %, but additional damage to the cortex still occurs, so the model has plenty of room for improvement (Dong et al., 2010; Karabiyikoglu et al., 2005). Some researchers have improved the partial operation of this model, but the problems of cortical damage and uneven distributions of hematomas caused by the operative process have not been solved. Therefore, the model cannot be widely used (Dong W et al.,2010; Wang et al., 2010; Karabiyikoglu et al., 2005; Mauler et al., 2002). In this paper, a new and improved ASDH rat model was developed to simplify the operative process and improve the success rate, and it may be an excellent model for in-depth studies on ASDH.
Section snippets
Animals and general preparations
This experiment was approved by the Fujian Medical University Ethics Committee and was conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996). A total of 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats) (350−370 g) were housed under a 12-h light–dark cycle with regular food and water supply. For the study, the rats were randomly divided into two groups of 15
Physiological indexes
In the process of creating the models, all the indexes remained basically the same in the two groups of rats, and no significant differences between groups were observed. The blood pressure increased as the intracranial pressure increased. The blood pressure gradually returned to the normal level after 30 min and basically remained at the normal level (Table 1).
MRI results and ethology
MRI showed that the hematoma distribution was more diffuse in the traditional group. Bilateral hematoma occurred in 9 rats. The
Discussion
In this experiment, an improved rat model of ASDH was established. The improved model was compared with the traditional model by physical sign monitoring, behavioral analysis, an MRI examination and HE staining. The improved model is easier to operate and more stable.
In 1990, Miller established the first rodent ASDH model, using rats as the carrier and injecting autogenous rat blood into the subdural cavity to create the model (Miller et al., 1990). This model is still the most widely used, and
Conclusions
On the basis of the Miller model, a new ASDH model in rats was constructed, with an improved injection needle and injection site. The stability of the pathophysiological state of the improved model is basically the same as that of the traditional model, and the morphological distribution of hematomas is more uniform and concentrated than that of the traditional model. Moreover, the operation for the improved model is easier to perform, so the improved model has more applications in research.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Liang Xian: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Data curation, Methodology. Cheng Wang: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Data curation, Methodology. Wei Wang: Data curation, Writing - review & editing. Liangfeng Wei: Data curation, Writing - review & editing. Yaying Zhang: Data curation. Weiqiang Chen: Supervision. Shousen Wang: Project administration, Supervision, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts interests.
Acknowledgment
This work was financially supported by Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Joint Fund Project (no. 2019Y9045).
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These authors contributed equally to this work.