ReviewA review of three magnetic NDT technologies
Highlights
► Review is presented in this paper about three magnetic NDT technologies. ► Magnetic flux leakage (MFL), magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) and recently developed metal magnetic memory (MMM). ► Physical mechanism and research development about the three NDT technologies were specially discussed.
Introduction
A fundamental feature of ferromagnetic materials, which consist of numerous small magnetic domains in the microstructure, is the coupling between stress and magnetic field [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]; that is, the magnetization may result in variations in the dimension of ferromagnetic materials, namely magnetostriction [7], [8], and on the other hand the stress may also change the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials, the so-called piezomagnetic effect [9], [10]. These macro-phenomena are related to magnetic-moments rotation and domain-wall displacement in the micro-structure when ferromagnetic materials are subjected to an applied magnetic field or mechanical stress [11], [12].
Compared with the magnetostriction, the piezomagnetic effect has received more attention in non-destructive test (NDT) field, because it is the physical basis to evaluate the stress status of ferromagnetic structures and components by magnetic measuring methods. As a result, a great number of non-destructive magnetic techniques have been developed over the last decades such as magnetic flux leakage (MFL), magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN), magnetoacoustic emission (MAE), stress-induced magnetic anisotropy (SMA) and recently developed metal magnetic memory (MMM) [13], [14].
In the remainder of this paper, the concept and theory of magnetic-stress coupling models in ferromagnetic materials will be presented in Section 2, the development of three typical NDT magnetic techniques are described in Section 3 and the conclusions are presented in Section 4.
Section snippets
Magnetic-stress coupling theory
It is well-known that magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials are stress-dependent. For example, the coercivity Hc and permeability μ of ferromagnetic materials may be changed in the order of 100% by the stress within the elastic limit [15]. Fig. 1 presents a schematic description of a cyclic stress affecting the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials. The total magnetization M includes the reversible component, Mre, and irreversible component, Mirr. In every loading cycle, an
Magnetic NDT technology
Magnetic NDT technologies have been extensively adopted in engineering to ensure the operating safety of ferromagnetic structures and components [30]. In this section, the studies of three typical magnetic NDT technologies (MFL, MBN and MMM) will be summarized. Among them, MFL and MBN techniques may be ascribed to active magnetic test methods in which a strong magnetic field is applied. However, the MMM technique is a weak-field test method in which the Earth's magnetic field instead of an
Conclusions
The magnetic-stress coupling effect is one of the basic characters of ferromagnetic materials. Based on such an effect, various magnetic NDT techniques in assessing the stress status of ferromagnetic structures have been developed, some of which have been successfully used in engineering. However, understanding of the magnetic-stress coupling effect is incomplete due to the complexity of the magnetic-stress action and high-sensitivity to the material's microstructure. Thus, the applications of
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by Natural Science Foundations of China (no. 11072027), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (NECT).
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