Separation, preconcentration and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) determination of thorium(IV), titanium(IV), iron(III), lead(II) and chromium(III) on 2-nitroso-1-naphthol impregnated MCI GEL CHP20P resin
Introduction
It is an important necessity to find accurate determination for trace heavy metals in environmental samples including natural water and soil samples, because they are sensitive indicators of environmental pollutions due to traffic and human activities [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. High level of alkali and earth alkali ions in the environmental samples is a main problem in the instrumental detection of heavy metal ions including inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. Separation–preconcentration systems including precipitation [11], [12], liquid–liquid extraction [13], [14], [15], cloud point extraction [16], [17], membrane filtration [18], [19] and electroanalytical systems [20], [21] are used to solve this problem. Separation and preconcentration of trace metal ions by solid phase extraction are also widely used for that purpose [22], [23], [24], due to its some important advantages like simplicity, fast analyzing time and simple adaptation to automation systems [25], [26], [27], [28].
Synthetic and natural solid materials as sorbents have been used for the solid phase extraction of trace heavy metal ions. In the solid phase extraction studies, the sorbent should have some properties: the possibility for extracting lots of metal ions in a wide pH range, high surface area, fast and quantitative adsorption and easy elution, ultra pure, repeated usability and accessibility [29], [30], [31], [32]. To obtain quantitative recoveries of analyte ions, in the solid phase extraction studies, a suitable chelating agent was generally used [33], [34], [35], [36].
Impregnated resins have been widely used for the preconcentration–separation of trace heavy metal ions on the environmental samples including natural water [37], [38], [39]. No data were obtained on impregnation of 2-nitroso-1-naphthol on MCI GEL CHP20P resin for the preconcentration of thorium(IV), titanium(IV), iron(III), lead(II) and chromium(III) in environmental samples in our literature scanning.
In the present work, a solid phase extraction procedure for the separation–preconcentration of ultratraces of Th(IV), Ti(IV), Fe(III), Pb(II) and Cr(III) in environmental samples on 2-nitroso-1-naphthol impregnated MCI GEL CHP20P resin is presented prior to their inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) determination.
Section snippets
Instrumentation
An Agilent model 7500a ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies, Tokyo, Japan) was used for the determination of Th(IV), Ti(IV), Fe(III), Pb(II) and Cr(III). The instrument was optimized daily before measurement and operated as recommended by the manufacturers. The conditions are given in Table 1. A pH meter, WTW Inolab Level 3 Model glass-electrode was employed for measuring pH values in the aqueous phase. The water was purified in Millipore Synergy 185.
Reagents and solutions
High purity reagents were used for all standard and
Effect of pH
pH is a very important factor for efficient recoveries of analyte ions on the solid phase extraction studies [42], [43], [44]. Therefore, the effects of pH of aqueous solution on the retentions of Th(IV), Ti(IV), Fe(III), Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions on 2-nitroso-1-naphthol impregnated MCI GEL CHP20P resin were examined at the pH range of 2.0–10.0. The pH was adjusted using 1 M HCl and/or 1 M NH3. The results are depicted in Fig. 1.
All the analyte ions were quantitatively recovered in the pH range of
Conclusions
A simple, fast and economic solid phase extraction procedure for ICP-MS determination of Th(IV), Ti(IV), Fe(III), Pb(II) and Cr(III) has been established in the present work. The comparative data from recent papers on 2-nitroso-1-naphthol and other naphthols as chelating agent on solid phase extraction studies were given in Table 8. The preconcentration factors of investigated elements are superior to those of some preconcentration/separation techniques for analyses. The solid phase extraction
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to thank DSI, The Technical Research and Quality Control Department and director of Testing Laboratory for dedicating time to work in laboratory. The authors are grateful for the financial support of the Unit of the Scientific Research Project of Erciyes University (Project no.: EUBAP - FBT 05 15).
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