Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ficus hispida L.f.: A review

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112204

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volume 248, 10 February 2020, 112204

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112204 Get rights and content

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae) has long been used as a traditional medicine in India, China, Sri Lanka, Australia, and Myanmar in the treatment of diarrhea, ulcer, anemia, diabetes, inflammation, and cancer.

Aim of the review

This review provides a systematic comment on the botany, traditional uses, and phytochemical and pharmacological studies of F. hispida, with an aim to make critical update of the current knowledge and obtain opportunities for further therapeutic potential.

Materials and methods

The information was derived from scientific literature databases including PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from books, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations, and unpublished materials.

Results and discussion

F. hispida is used especially in Chinese and Indian traditional medical systems as a remedy for skin disorders, respiratory diseases, and urinary diseases. Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, sedative, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antineoplastic, and antidiabetic activities have been reported for crude extracts and isolated metabolites, but the methodologies in these studies often have inadequate design and low technical quality. More than 76 compounds have been isolated from F. hispida, including sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenylpropionic acids, benzoic acid derivatives, alkaloids, steroids, other glycosides, and alkanes, but the method of bioassay-guided fractionation is seldom applied in the isolation from F. hispida.

Conclusion

F. hispida is used widely in traditional medicines and has multiple pharmacological effects that could support traditional uses. However, pharmacological studies should be viewed with caution because of the inappropriate experimental design. More in vitro and in vivo research is urgently needed to study the molecular mechanisms and assess the effective and safe dose of F. hispida.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Traditional herbal medicines play a fundamental role in the prevention and treatment of various ailments since ancient time, which are rich sources for new drug discovery (Shendge et al., 2018). The prescribed drugs derived from higher plants have an upsurge with the value of 25% from the last few decades (Khaliq et al., 2017). Traditional medicines are believed to be safer than modern drugs if applied with a reasonable way (Geethangili et al., 2018).

Ficus hispida L.f. (F. hispida; Moraceae), known as peyatti (Tamil), gobla (Hindi), and dumoor (Bengali), is an essential herbal medicine cultivated mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions of India, China, Sri Lanka, Australia, and Myanmar (Ali et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2018). Different parts of F. hispida, such as root, stem, bark, leaves, fruits, and latex, have been used in traditional medicine (Pratumvinit et al., 2009). Previous phytochemical studies on F. hispida have revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, sterols, and glycosides (Sivaraman et al., 2009). In addition, F. hispida has been reported to show a variety of biological properties such as wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, sedative, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antineoplastic, and antidiabetic activities. However, only a few well-designed in vivo research on F. hispida has investigated the active components that contribute to pharmacological activities, and the toxicity of F. hispida has not been demonstrated clearly in these studies. Furthermore, quantitative evaluation of this plant has been poorly studied thus far. In this review, we summarize the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of F. hispida and clarify existing research gaps in search of new therapeutic uses.

Section snippets

Materials and methods

The available information on F. hispida was collected from electronic databases including PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct, and a library search was performed from books, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations, and unpublished materials. The keywords determined in this review were Ficus hispida L.f., traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Scientific name and synonyms were validated through the Plant List (www.theplantlist.org).

Botany

F. hispida (Fig. 1), a coarsely hairy shrub or small tree of approximately 10 m height, grows in secondary forests, open land, valleys, and rivers at an altitude of between 120 and 1600 m. The bark is generally brownish, and leaves are simple, opposite, and densely hispid. Four ovate-lanceolate stipules decussate on leafless fruiting branchlets. Figs are axillary on normal leafy shoots, leafless branchlets, and branchlets from main branches, solitary or paired, and they are yellow or red when

Traditional uses

F. hispida has been used widely in many traditional systems such as the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicines, Unani medicines, and Thai/Lanna medicinal plant recipes as well as in Chinese medicines including Dai nationality and Jinuo nationality (Salvi et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2010).

In the Indian traditional medicinal system, all parts of F. hispida have been reported to be bitter, coolant, acrid, and astringent and used for the treatment of ulcers, anemia, piles, jaundice, hemorrhage,

Phytochemistry

F. hispida contains a wide variety of phytochemicals including sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids (1–16); flavonoids (17–36); coumarins, phenylpropionic acids, and benzoic acid derivatives (37–48); alkaloids (49–62); steroids (63–69); other glycosides (70–72); and alkanes (73–76) (Table 1). Based on phytochemical investigations currently available, the compounds have been isolated from different parts of F. hispida. Terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids are the most important and abundant

Pharmacological activities

F. hispida has been studied for its pharmacological activities using in vitro and in vivo models (Table 2). The following sections discuss the biological activities in detail and emphasize the research gaps.

Pharmacokinetic studies

The study of pharmacokinetic features is an approach to understand the in vivo behavior and action mechanism of F. hispida (Shirai et al., 2001). Yang et al. (2016a,b) developed an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method to investigate the pharmacokinetics of quercetin (30). The maximum plasma concentration (C_max), elimination half-life (T_1/2), oral clearance, and time to reach peak concentration (T_max) of quercetin were 842.1 ± 508.4 mg/L, 0.8 h,

Toxicity

According to available studies, the administration of F. hispida is avirulent or hypotoxic, and the clinical dosage is 25–50 g with the extensive form of decoction (National Chinese Herbal Medicine). The acute oral toxicity study of methanolic extract using the method provided in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline No. 423 revealed that the extract exerted no toxicity and mortality after 3 days even at 1 g/kg (Swathi et al., 2011). Howlader et al. (2017) also

Conclusions and future perspectives

This review provides detailed information of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity studies of F. hispida. Extensive literature survey has demonstrated that various parts of F. hispida are used in the ethnopharmacology of different Asian countries, especially in India and China. Pharmacological studies support the therapeutic potential of F. hispida in traditional medicine. Although great progress has been made in the research on F. hispida,

Authors' contributions

Jia-xin Cheng collected the information and drafted the manuscript; Bo-dou Zhang and Wan-fang Zhu helped to modify the format of the manuscript; Chao-feng Zhang and Wen-yuan Liu were involved in the preparation of tables; Yi-min Qin provided the pictures of the plant; Masahiko Abe and Toshihiro Akihisa edited the pictures; Feng Feng and Jie Zhang analyzed the manuscript. All authors approved the final submitted version of the manuscript.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Youth Science Fund Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81703383), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20170742), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2632019ZD16), and the “Double First-Class” University project (Grant No. CPU2018GY34).

References (66)

C.H. Chen et al.
Protopine, a novel microtubule-stabilizing agent, causes mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death in human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell lines
Cancer Lett.
(2012)
P. Deepa et al.
A role of Ficus species in the management of diabetes mellitus: a review
J. Ethnopharmacol.
(2018)
S.J. Jeon et al.
Positive effects of β-amyrin on pentobarbital-induced sleep in mice via GABAergic neurotransmitter system
Behav. Brain Res.
(2015)
S.C. Mandal et al.
Studies on anti-diarrhoeal activity of Ficus hispida. leaf extract in rats
Fitoterapia
(2002)
M. Moniruzzaman et al.
Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of ethanol extract of Hedyotis corymbosa Linn. whole plant in mice
J. Ethnopharmacol.
(2015)
H.S. Nandini et al.
Action of corilagin on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Chem. Biol. Interact.
(2019)
Y. Ozturk et al.
Effects of Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum calycinum L. extracts on the central nervous system in mice
Phytomedicine
(1996)
M. Saleem
Lupeol, a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer dietary triterpene
Cancer Lett.
(2009)
E. Steer
A cross comparison between Ayurvedic etiology of Major Depressive Disorder and bidirectional effect of gut dysregulation
J. Ayurveda Integr. Med.
(2019)
S.H. Su et al.
Oleanolic acid attenuates PCBs-induced adiposity and insulin resistance via HNF1b-mediated regulation of redox and PPARγ signaling
Free Radic. Biol. Med.
(2018)

M. Sun et al.

Creating a capture zone in microfluidic flow greatly enhances the throughput and efficiency of cancer detection

Biomaterials

(2019)

N. Swathi et al.

Evaluation of nephroprotective activity of fruits of Ficus hispida on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Pharmacogn. J.

(2011)

R. Wang et al.

Inhibitory effects of quercetin on the progression of liver fibrosis through the regulation of NF-кB/IкBα, p38 MAPK, and Bcl-2/Bax signaling

Int. Immunopharmacol.

(2017)

S. Wang et al.

The isolation, characterization and synthesis of 10-ketotetracosyl arachidate from Ficus hispida

Tetrahedron

(1975)

Y. Wang et al.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of extract and two isolated flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius L

J. Ethnopharmacol.

(2014)

T. Wu et al.

A structure-activity relationship study of flavonoids as inhibitors of E. coli by membrane interaction effect

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

(2013)

V.A. Yap et al.

Hispidacine, an unusual 8,4'-oxyneolignan-alkaloid with vasorelaxant activity, and hispiloscine, an antiproliferative phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, from Ficus hispida Linn

Phytochemistry

(2015)

J. Zhang et al.

Potential cancer chemopreventive and anticancer constituents from the fruits of Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae)

J. Ethnopharmacol.

(2018)

H.Y. Zhu et al.

Sedative and hypnotic effects of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction from Schisandra chinensis in mice

J. Food Drug Anal.

(2016)

B.M. Acharya et al.

Chemical examination of the bark of Ficus hispida Linn

Curr. Sci.

(1984)

M. Ali et al.

Ficus hispida Linn.: a review of its pharmacognostic and ethnomedicinal properties

Pharmacogn. Rev.

(2011)

S. Andres et al.

Safety aspects of the use of quercetin as a dietary supplement

Mol. Nutr. Food Res.

(2018)

M. Arunsundar et al.

Ficus hispida modulates oxidative-inflammatory damage in a murine model of diabetic encephalopathy

Ann. Biol. Res.

(2010)

B.D. Asem et al.

Isolation and antimicrobial studies of the compounds isolated from the stem bark of Ficus hispida Linn

Asian J. Chem.

(2008)

C. Calixto-Campos et al.

Vanillic acid inhibits inflammatory pain by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment, oxidative stress, cytokine production, and NFκB activation in mice

J. Nat. Prod.

(2015)

N. Chaudhary et al.

Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Ficus hispida L

J. Sci. Innov. Res.

(2014)

J. Ching et al.

Quantification of α- and β-amyrin in rat plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: application to preclinical pharmacokinetic study

J. Mass Spectrom.

(2011)

J.C. Chukwujekwu et al.

Antibacterial activity of flavonoids from the stem bark of Erythrina caffra Thunb

Phytother Res.

(2011)

E.A.M. El-Khrisy et al.

Constituents of Ficus asprima, F. hispida and F. carica

Fitoterapia

(1980)

D.K. Gan et al.

Ursolic acid ameliorates CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis through the NOXs/ROS pathway

J. Cell. Physiol.

(2018)

GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators

Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Lancet Infect. Dis.

(2017)

M. Geethangili et al.

A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of Phyllanthus urinaria L

Front. Pharmacol.

(2018)

R. Ghosh et al.

Hypoglycemic activity of Ficus hispida (bark) in normal and diabetic albino rats

Indian J. Pharmacol.

(2004)

Cited by (16)

A detailed review of pharmacology of MFN1 (mitofusion-1)-mediated mitochondrial dynamics: Implications for cellular health and diseases
2024, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
The mitochondria are responsible for the production of cellular ATP, the regulation of cytosolic calcium levels, and the organization of numerous apoptotic proteins through the release of cofactors necessary for the activation of caspases. This level of functional adaptability can only be attained by sophisticated structural alignment. The morphology of the mitochondria does not remain unchanged throughout time; rather, it undergoes change as a result of processes known as fusion and fission. Fzo in flies, Fzo1 in yeast, and mitofusins in mammals are responsible for managing the outer mitochondrial membrane fusion process, whereas Mgm1 in yeast and optic atrophy 1 in mammals are responsible for managing the inner mitochondrial membrane fusion process. The fusion process is composed of two phases. MFN1, a GTPase that is located on the outer membrane of the mitochondria, is involved in the process of linking nearby mitochondria, maintaining the potential of the mitochondrial membrane, and apoptosis. This article offers specific information regarding the functions of MFN1 in a variety of cells and organs found in living creatures. According to the findings of the literature review, MFN1 plays an important part in a number of diseases and organ systems; nevertheless, the protein's function in other disease models and cell types has to be investigated in the near future so that it can be chosen as a promising marker for the therapeutic and diagnostic potentials it possesses. Overall, the major findings of this review highlight the pivotal role of mitofusin (MFN1) in regulating mitochondrial dynamics and its implications across various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndromes. Our review identifies novel therapeutic targets within the MFN1 signaling pathways and underscores the potential of MFN1 modulation as a promising strategy for treating mitochondrial-related diseases. Additionally, the review calls for further research into MFN1′s molecular mechanisms to unlock new avenues for clinical interventions, emphasizing the need for targeted therapies that address MFN1 dysfunction.
Ethnoveterinary practises of medicinal plants used for the treatment of different cattle diseases: A case study in East Khasi Hill district of Meghalaya, North East India
2023, Heliyon
For generations, the inhabitants of Meghalaya have relied on medicinal plants to maintain the health of their livestock and treat various illnesses that may afflict their animals. Due to the lack of survey for use and documentation, these plants have never been undertaken. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the diversity, utilization, and phytochemical profile of these plants and quantitatively analyse the data to identify important medicinal plants. By doing so, we can better understand the potential of these plants for developing novel drugs.
Frequent field trips were made for the collection of ethnoveterinary data of medicinal plants from local animal-keepers, traditional healers (THs) and inhabitants of different age groups. This information was gathered through semi-structured interviews, individual discussions, direct field-use observation, and questionnaires. A total of 52 informants (35 females and 17 males) were interviewed from seven rural villages and the information obtained from them were quantitatively analysed using the informant consensus factor (ICF), and fidelity level (FL). Additionally, for each documented plant, available published literature was extensively surveyed to identify the presence of bioactive chemical compounds responsible for their therapeutic effects.
During the present study, a total 96 plants, distributed into 87 genera and 43 families were identified and recorded for their use in ethnoveterinary practices against more than 25 diseases. Out of the recorded plant species, the Fabaceae family was found to be the most dominant with seven species, followed by Poaceae and Lamiaceae with six species each, and Moraceae with five species. The leaves (50.00%) and seeds (12.50%) were the most frequently used plant parts, while the paste (30 species) was the common mode of application. Aegle marmelos Correa exhibited a fidelity level (FL) of 100% for indigestion, while Tagetes erecta L. had a fidelity level of 94.11% for wound treatment, making them the most promising candidates for further study. The highest FIC value of 1.00 was recorded for the treatment of neurological disorder (1.00), followed by foot and mouth disease (FIC 0.91), which depicted that some species were frequently utilized to treat multiple livestock ailments.
The study presents trustworthy information about medicinal plants and their associated indigenous ethnoveterinary knowledge. It has been scientifically proven that these plants contain bioactive compounds responsible for their therapeutic properties. However, this knowledge is in danger of being lost due to factors like socioeconomic changes, environmental and technological alterations, and lack of interest from younger generations. Therefore, it is essential to document this empirical folklore knowledge systematically and take measures to protect and conserve it.
2-(Benzhydryl sulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide) isolated from fig augmented trastuzumab-triggered phagocytic killing of cancer cells through interface with Fcγ receptor
2023, Natural Product Research
The objective of the current study was to extract 2-(benzhydryl sulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide), a novel compound from fig, and then determine its role in enhancing trastuzumab-triggered phagocytic killing of SKOV-3 cancer cells. In this study, Soxhlet was used to extract the compound from the mature and air-dried fig fruits. The production of the isolated extracts was enhanced by using polar and non-polar solvents. Several solvents, such as methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane, were used to isolate the effective compound 2-(benzhydryl sulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide) from the organic layer. UV-spectroscopy, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR were applied to identify the purified compound. The in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that the 2-(benzhydryl sulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide) can increase the activity of the phagocytic cells, via the interaction with FcY receptors, along with trastuzumab, and the pathway can use a model for the therapeutic strategy for effective treatment of ovarian cancer cells.
Ficus spp. fruits: Bioactive compounds and chemical, biological and pharmacological properties
2022, Food Research International
Citation Excerpt :
Furthermore, Qi et al. (2021) reported the bioactive compounds, therapeutic activities and applications in the food industry of F. pumila. Cheng et al. (2020) focusing on the traditional use as well as pharmacological and phytochemical evaluation of F. hispida. Finally, Hossain (2019) explored the toxicity, pharmacological and phytochemical activities of F. sycomorus.
The aim of this review was to compile the main reports over the last 5 years concerning the Ficus spp. fruits (Moraceae family) based on chemistry, properties, and applications as products. About 30 Ficus spp. fruits were reported focusing on their chemical composition rich in phenolic acids such as gallic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, as well as quercetin and cyanidin derivatives. The fruits from Moraceae family presented mainly antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in addition to other functional properties to consumers health. Therefore, these fruits can be successfully considered by the food industry for the development of new products with high added value and also be considered a source of bioactive compounds.
Phenolic compounds from Ficus hispida L.f. as tyrosinase and melanin inhibitors: Biological evaluation, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics
2021, Journal of Molecular Structure
Citation Excerpt :
Currently, there exists a growing interest in natural products as skin whitening agents attributed to their low toxicities.9 Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae), a shrub or moderate-sized evergreen, is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of India, China, Australia, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar.10,11 The fruits can be used as coolant, tonic, and in the treatment of hepatic obstruction in India.12,13
Eleven known phenolic compounds 1–11 were isolated from the MeOH extract of the fruits of Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae), all of which have been investigated inhibitory activities of melanin and tyrosinase in vitro. Compounds 1, 2, and 5–8 exhibited potent melanin inhibitory activities against B16F10 melanoma cells, especially 5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-3′-(3-methyl-2-hydroxybuten-3-yl)isoflavone (2) showed superior inhibitory effect with no or weak toxicities even at the concentration of 10 μM. Moreover, the results of western blot analysis and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay revealed that compound 2 could suppress melanogenesis by inhibiting the expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and tyrosinase in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. Then, we performed molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies to explore the binding mode and dynamic properties between compound 2 and mushroom tyrosinase. Molecular docking analysis showed that compound 2 had a strong binding affinity (−4.533 kcal/mol) to mushroom tyrosinase by the interaction of π-cation, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding. And the MD simulation study for 10 ns clearly demonstrated the dynamic stability of ligand-protein complex. Taken these results together, compound 2 may serve as a promising candidate for the design and development of potential tyrosinase and melanin inhibitor.
Bougainvillea glabra (choisy): A comprehensive review on botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity
2021, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Citation Excerpt :
It was noted that the tested extract showed significant antidiabetic activity at a higher dose (Verma et al., 2016). It is evident from studies mentioned above that various in vivo models for assessing the antidiabetic potential of purified compounds have been incorporated, yet these compounds may not warrant an effective reduction in the blood glucose levels of patients because of the differences in the hepatic metabolic system between humans and rats (Cheng et al., 2019). To identify potent antidiabetic agents with minimum side effects, extensive in-depth studies are further required.
Bougainvillea glabra (Choisy). (Family: Nyctinaginacea) is a valuable ornamental plant with culinary uses and also utilized in traditional medicine for treating common ailments. It is traditionally employed against several diseases such as diarrhoea, hypotension, intestinal disorders, stomachache, nausea, inflammation-related ailments, and in pain management. Though widely validated via in vitro and in vivo models, to date no endeavour has been made to compile in a single review the traditional, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of B. glabra.
To provide an up-to-date, authoritative review with respect to the traditional uses, chemical composition, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties, and toxicological estimations accomplished either utilizing the crude extracts or, wherever applicable, the bioactive compounds isolated from B. glabra. Besides, a critical evaluation of the published literature has been undertaken with regards to the current biochemical and toxicological data.
Key databases per se, Ovid, Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google scholar amongst others were probed for a systematic search using keywords to retrieve relevant publications on this plant. A total of 52 articles were included for the review depending on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
The studies conducted on either crude extracts, solvent fractions or isolated pure compounds from B. glabra had reported a varied range of biological effects comprising antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical analysis of different parts of B. glabra unveiled 105 phytochemicals, belonging to phenolic, flavonoid, betacyanin, terpenoid, glycoside and essential oils classes of secondary metabolites.
Most of the pharmacological activities of crude extracts from this plant have been reported. A very few studies have reported the isolation of compounds responsible for observed biological potential of this plant. Moreover, the toxicity studies of this plant still need to be explored comprehensively to ensure its safety parameters. Additional investigations are recommended to transmute the ethnopharmacological claims of this plant species in folklore medicines into scientific rationale-based information.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

ReviewTraditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ficus hispida L.f.: A review

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Aim of the review

Materials and methods

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials and methods

Botany

Traditional uses

Phytochemistry

Pharmacological activities

Pharmacokinetic studies

Toxicity

Conclusions and future perspectives

Authors' contributions

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgments

Cancer Lett.

J. Ethnopharmacol.

Behav. Brain Res.

Fitoterapia

J. Ethnopharmacol.

Chem. Biol. Interact.

Phytomedicine

Cancer Lett.

J. Ayurveda Integr. Med.

Free Radic. Biol. Med.

Biomaterials

Pharmacogn. J.

Int. Immunopharmacol.

Tetrahedron

J. Ethnopharmacol.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta

Phytochemistry

J. Ethnopharmacol.

J. Food Drug Anal.

Chemical examination of the bark of Ficus hispida Linn

Curr. Sci.

Ficus hispida Linn.: a review of its pharmacognostic and ethnomedicinal properties

Pharmacogn. Rev.

Safety aspects of the use of quercetin as a dietary supplement

Mol. Nutr. Food Res.

Ficus hispida modulates oxidative-inflammatory damage in a murine model of diabetic encephalopathy

Ann. Biol. Res.

Isolation and antimicrobial studies of the compounds isolated from the stem bark of Ficus hispida Linn

Asian J. Chem.

Vanillic acid inhibits inflammatory pain by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment, oxidative stress, cytokine production, and NFκB activation in mice

J. Nat. Prod.

Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Ficus hispida L

J. Sci. Innov. Res.

Quantification of α- and β-amyrin in rat plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: application to preclinical pharmacokinetic study

J. Mass Spectrom.

Antibacterial activity of flavonoids from the stem bark of Erythrina caffra Thunb

Phytother Res.

Constituents of Ficus asprima, F. hispida and F. carica

Fitoterapia

Ursolic acid ameliorates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through the NOXs/ROS pathway

J. Cell. Physiol.

Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Lancet Infect. Dis.

A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of Phyllanthus urinaria L

Front. Pharmacol.

Hypoglycemic activity of Ficus hispida (bark) in normal and diabetic albino rats

Indian J. Pharmacol.

Review
Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ficus hispida L.f.: A review

Ursolic acid ameliorates CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis through the NOXs/ROS pathway