ReviewBletilla striata: Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f. (Orchidaceae) known as Hyacinth Orchid, Hyacinth Bletilla, Urn Orchid, Chinese Ground Orchid, Common Bletilla Tuber, Japanorchidee (German), Mikadoblomma (Swedish), Mikadoblomst (Danish), Shiran (Japanese), Jaran (Korean), and Baiji/白及 (Chinese), is not only an ornamental garden or a pot plant in Europe and United States, but an important astringent hemostatic medicinal plant native to East Asia (Bown, 1995, Wiart, 2012). B. striata which is mainly distributed through southern and eastern China near the Yangtze River, Japan, Korea, south to Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar grows wild in sandy soils amongst grassy patches on cool mountain slopes (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2009, Yeung, 1985). Due to excessive exploitation and destruction of natural habitats, the wild natural resources of B. striata reduced sharply. More than ten years ago, B. striata was listed as one of the key protected wild medicinal plants (http://rep.iplant.cn/). In order to solve the problem of B. striata resources, the artificial cultivation of B. striata and its related species has been developed in the majority of regions in China (Li and Wang, 2006). More importantly, research on strengthening the selection and breeding of excellent varieties of B. striata also has been launched (Zhang et al., 2012). B. striata has been used as an astringent hemostatic medicinal for thousands of years, its pseudobulbs resembling spreading corms (Fig. 1) are generally regarded as the medicinal part. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) holds that it is capable of restraining leakage of blood and stopping bleeding, and dispersing swelling and promoting tissue regeneration, and thus it could be effectively applied in the treatment of hematemesis, hemoptysis, traumatic bleeding, chapped kin, and ulcerative carbuncle (Chinese Herbalism Editorial Board, 1999, Wu, 2005). Additional medical applications of B. striata include treatment of the tuberculosis, malignant ulcers, hemorrhoids, anthrax, eye diseases, and silicosis (Hossain, 2011). Besides, B. striata as vascular embolizing agent for treating primary hepatic carcinoma has been reported to be more effective than conventional gelfoam (Zheng et al., 1998). Moreover, B. striata particles as embolic material also have been shown to achieve better efficacy in alleviating hypersplenism than gelfoam (Liu et al., 2011). Currently, China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) has approved four patent drugs including Bai Ji Pill, Bai Ji Capsule, Bai Ji Syrup, and Bai Ji Granule, which all only contain B. striata as the medicinal ingredient (http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0001/). Remarkably, the typical dose of Bletillae Rhizoma (i.e., dried tubers of B. striata) depends on conditions being treated. Officially, Chinese Pharmacopoeia recommends its dosage between 6 and 15 g or at an appropriate amount for external application, and meanwhile states that its dosage should be between 3 and 6 g when taken internally as powder. In addition, Bletillae Rhizoma is incompatible with Aconiti Radix, Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix, and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (China Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2015). Furthermore, non-medical uses of B. striata include rubbing its mucilaginous roots in inkstones with vermilion for writing (Lawler, 1984), and another use is as an insecticide (Perry and Metzger, 1990). In Japanese folk medicine, the tubers are used for the same purposes as salep (Lawler, 1984). At present, several cosmetics and daily necessities containing B. striata are commercially available (Zhang et al., 2012). And as early as 1955, B. striata mucilage as tablet binder was regarded to be an outstanding substitute for arabia gum or gum trargacanth in the pharmaceutical industry (Koo et al., 1955).
Studies focusing on secondary metabolites have resulted in the isolation of bibenzyls, dihydrophenanthrenes, biphenanthrenes, phenanthrenes, triterpenoids and its saponin, steroids and its saponins, cyanidin glycosides and anthocyanins, phenanthraquinones, anthraquinones, lignans, organic acids, and glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates. In addition, B. striata is also rich sources of polysaccharides, which have been recently used as a variety of biomedical materials for wound healing, or as vehicles for drug delivery (Dong et al., 2009, Lin et al., 2012, Liu et al., 2014, Liu and Huang, 2010, Wu et al., 2010, Zhan et al., 2014). Reviewing the available literatures, no review concerning B. striata is available. In this review, we intend to provide a comprehensive insight into the botanical characterization, medicinal uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, and toxicity of B. striata to provide knowledge to researchers for better utilization of this plant.
Section snippets
Botanical characterization
B. striata is 18–60 cm tall. The rhizome is compressed, subglobose or irregularly shaped and 1–3 cm in diameter. The stem is 3–25 cm, stout, and has 4–6 leaves. The leaves are widely spaced. The peduncle is 14–34 cm long, slender, and usually with a single sheathing bract. The rachis is flexuous or pendulous, 2–7 cm long, and has 3–10 flowers. The flowers are erect, purplish red, and showy. The sepals are purplish red or pink, narrowly oblong. The lateral sepals are oblique and acute at the apex.
Medicinal uses
B. striata as inferior herbal item was firstly recorded in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica (Simplified Chinese: 神农本草经). It is bitter, sweet and puckery in flavour, slightly cool and astringent in nature, and it acts on the lung, liver and stomach meridians (China Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2015, Wu, 2005). Generally, B. striata is collected in summer and autumn with the fibrous roots removed, the cleaned pseudobulbs are used as the medicinal part, which are soaked in boiling water or placed
Chemical constituents
B. striata is a rich source of different classes of natural products with varying structural patterns. Since a Japanese research group conducted continuous studies on B. striata from 1983, a large number of compounds including bibenzyls, dihydrophenanthrenes, biphenanthrenes, phenanthrenes, triterpenoids and its saponin, steroids and its saponins, cyanidin glycosides, phenanthraquinones, anthraquinones, lignans, organic acids, and glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates have been isolated from B.
Wound healing activity
Wound dressings with high performance should be capable of keeping the wound moist, and be able to ensure the solubilization of growth factors and support fibroblast growth. Besides, the ability to absorb exudate and exchange oxygen could also favor healing process (Patrulea et al., 2015). Furthermore, it also has been suggested that it could be better to exhibit antibacterial activity and biocompatible property. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has approved to develop wound dressing
Toxicity assessment
Acute toxicity test revealed that the oral administration of Kunming mice with B. striata polysaccharides (4000 mg/kg) did not result in mortality, and any changes in behavior, food intake, fur, body weight. Rabbit vaginal irritation test revealed that no any abnormal phenomena including hyperemia, swelling, and cells shedding to vagina, uterus, and ovary occurred upon administration of B. striata polysaccharides (3000 mg/kg) (Liu et al., 1992). Besides, it has been suggested that BSP could be a
Conclusion
B. striata has been used as an astringent hemostatic medicinal for thousands of years. Currently, a great deal of studies have been conducted to display B. striata's numerous biological activities and quite a few of which are in accord with their traditional uses. In TCM, excepting taken internally for the treatment of lung atrophy, lung decay, and hemoptysis caused by lung impairment, Bletillae Rhizoma ground into a fine powder is mainly topically applied to injured skins or bleeding wounds.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province (13-JC-030); Xi’an Foundation for Development of Science and Technology, China (No. SF1423(3)).
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