Original ResearchChanges in Intestinal Microbiota of Type 2 Diabetes in Mice in Response to Dietary Supplementation With Instant Tea or Matcha
Introduction
Diabetes is a medical problem worldwide, with hyperglycemia leading to complications like cardiovascular disease and diabetic nephropathy 1, 2. Diabetes is currently not curable, and its complications cause significant distress. Diet has a strong influence on health and is involved in the development of some diseases 3, 4, including diabetes 5, 6. In particular, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates leads directly to a rapid increase in blood glucose, and thus diabetes patients must strictly control their diet in addition to receiving drug therapy. In our previous study (7), we found that cornstarch contains a high level of resistant starch (>50%), which is beneficial in diabetes. In addition, functional ingredients in tea, such as tea polyphenols and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were shown to greatly inhibit cornstarch digestion in vitro, suggesting cornstarch combined with tea's functional ingredients could be used as a basic formulation in the functional diet of diabetes patients (7). It is well known that tea has a long history in China, and is consumed worldwide as a healthy beverage. The active ingredients in tea have many benefits, and EGCG can inhibit gluconeogenesis (8), inhibit lipid absorption (9) and reduce insulin resistance (10), etc.
Most importantly, the gastrointestinal tract is a place for digestion and absorption of one's diet, and it contains many complex microbes that play significant roles in digestion and metabolism with profound effects on nutrition and health of the host. Recent studies have suggested that diabetes patients have gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis 11, 12, which leads to dietary metabolic disturbance and worsened hyperglycemia. Thus, regulating the gastrointestinal microecology balance may serve as a pathway to improvement in diabetes patients. Interestingly, studies have shown that tea has beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiota by elevating good bacteria and reducing pathogenic bacteria, among other advantages 13, 14, 15. Therefore, matcha and instant tea (2 common tea active ingredients) were selected and used to establish a cornstarch‒tea diet for diabetes patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of the cornstarch‒tea diet on body weight, food intake and blood glucose, and then assessed the regulation mechanism of cornstarch‒tea diet intervention on gut microbiota. To do this, we used a mouse model of diabetes, and aimed to present some basic information for intervening and preventing diabetes through regulation of gut microbiota.
Section snippets
Materials
Cornstarch (CAS No. 9005-25-8) and dextrin (CAS No. 9005-65-6) were purchased from Qinhuangdao Lihua Starch (Qinghuangdao, China). Butter was provided by Fonterra Brands (Auckland, New Zealand). Cake flour was purchased from Shangdong Luzhong Kite Flour (Luzhong, China). Meringue powder was purchased from Guangdong Changxing Biotechnology (Changxing, China). Eggs were purchased from the Hangzhou Lianhua supermarket (Hangzhou, China). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (CAS No. 7778-77-0) and
Food intake and body weight performance:
The average body weights for the DM-C, DM-M and DM-IT mice were much lower than for the N-C mice. The average daily food intake in the DM-C, DM-M and DM-IT mice was much higher than that in the N-C mice. The DM-C mice had the lowest average body weight (22 to 28 g), but had the highest average daily food intake (6 to 16 g/mouse/day) compared with the other groups. The average body weight and daily food intake in the DM-IT and DM-M mice were not clearly different. From the highest to lowest
Conclusions
Diabetic mice had significant weight loss, hyperphagia and hyperglycemia, and also showed significant increases in Bacteroidaceae, Helicobacteraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Rikenellaceae and Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis, and significant decreases in Lactobacillaceae, Prevotellaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae. The cornstarch instant tea or matcha diet decreased food intake, improved body weight loss and resulted in a trend in reduced
Acknowledgments
The authors thank International Science Editing (http://www.internationalscienceediting.com) for editing this manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from the Public Benefit Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LGN18C200010).
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