International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
Comparative evaluation of different power management strategies of a stand-alone PV/Wind/PEMFC hybrid power system
Highlights
► Battery charge–discharge cycle and battery bank energy efficiency gains importance for the stand-alone hybrid power system. ► In this study, the battery energy efficiency is evaluated with three different power management strategies. ► The control algorithm is developed with Matlab-Simulink®.
Introduction
The demand for new and environmentally friendly energy system is growing worldwide. Wind and solar energy systems are taking the biggest share from, this current trend [1]. To increase the energy reliability, wind and solar energy are used as dual energy sources. However, seasonal climatic conditions and geographic conditions affect the wind-solar energy output [2], [3]. Therefore, a third energy system is needed to improve the energy supply reliability. Thus, the PEM fuel cell ideally fulfills the need for any start up power. When the wind-solar system energy output is insufficient, the fuel cell backups the supply system. However, fuel cell lifetime is less than 2000 h for transportation and ∼20,000 h for stationary fuel cells [4]. Frequent start-up and shutdown actions degrade the electrolyzer and the fuel cell performance [5]. In addition, battery charge-discharge cycle and battery bank energy efficiency gains importance. Therefore, improved energy management strategies are proposed, and Matlab/Simulink simulation results are presented. The proposed strategies are implemented as a case study to a mobile house for two-member family designed by UNIDO-ICHET. The evaluation of the power management strategy performance is evaluated using real weather data for the region of installation.
In the literature, there are a few studies related to power management of hybrid power systems. Ipsakis et al. have proposed a power management strategy for hydrogen production performance and system efficiency [6]. Onar et al. proposed a power management strategy algorithm which dealt with a hybrid (wind turbine/PV/fuel cell) power system containing a ultra capacitor bank [7]. Ahmed et al. proposed Power management strategy studied power fluctuations on a hybrid power system [8]. Mohamed and Koivo have proposed an optimization and simulation algorithm for the microgrid system containing a wind turbine, a micro turbine, a diesel generator, a photovoltaic array, a fuel cell and a battery storage [9].
In this study, three new power management strategies are proposed. Their effects on battery bank energy efficiency and PEMFC membrane life span is truly investigated. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2, describes of the hybrid power system. Section 3, the structure of the battery bank charge–discharge currents. Finally, presented power management strategies and control algorithms.
Section snippets
Hybrid power system
The hybrid system consists of three power generation systems, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, a wind turbine and a fuel cell. The PV and wind turbine are used as the main power generation system for the system and the fuel cell is assigned as a backup power generator for the continuous power supply. The hybrid power system consists of an 8 × 1 array each with a 100 W PV panel, a 1 kW wind turbine, and a 2 kW fuel cell. The hybrid power system and data acquisition setup given Fig. 1, Fig. 2. Energy flow
The battery energy efficiency
Usually, two indexes, the state-of-charge (SOC) and the terminal voltage mainly characterize a lead–acid battery. Besides, the charge or discharge time and the current value are required [26].
where SOC0 the battery SOC of the starting point; t0 and t, are the time of the starting point and the time of interest, respectively. Kattakayam and Srinivasan [27] recommended through trial and error and pro-longed
Discharge and charge currents
The value, at any time, of the battery charge and discharge currents will vary according to the excess or shortage of local power available. However, it is sensible, through a charge controller, to limit the discharge and charge rates to maximum values to protect the battery and ensure an efficiently operation [32], [33], [34]. When the fuel cell does not work, the battery current can be calculated as follows.PPV is the PV output power (kW), Pwind the
Power management strategies
The main decision factors for the power management strategies are the level of the power provided by the renewable energy system (wind-solar) and the state of charge (SOC) of the battery bank. The battery bank or the fuel cell should be capable of providing the needed power. Power energy generated by wind turbine (Pwind) and PV panels (Psolar) is summed up at renewable energy system power (Pres). Load (Pload) is subtracted from the Pres and the excess power (Pexcess). The stand-alone system is
Conclusions
Using stand-alone wind-solar energy system has become popular in recent years. Stand-alone power system depends on the geographical and meteorological conditions of the installed region. Therefore, the wind turbine and solar cells may not meet the energy demand. So, a third power supply source might be needed. This source should not be affected from any geographical or meteorological conditions. PEMFC is an ideal power generation system for such implementations. However, the price of PEMFC is
Acknowledgments
The project is supported by UNIDO-ICHET (United Nations Industrial Development Organization – International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies) with the mission of raising public awareness for renewable energy and demonstrating viable implementations of hydrogen energy technologies in developing countries. Partial support from NANOCOFC project under EC-FP6 program is also acknowledged. Special thanks to Dr. M. Suha Yazıcı and Mehmed Eroglu from UNIDO-ICHET.
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