CorrespondenceEarly age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies
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Reproductive factors and age at natural menopause: A systematic review and meta-analysis
2020, MaturitasCitation Excerpt :It is common to categorize age at natural menopause into premature (under 40 years) [2], early menopause (between 40 and 44 years) [3], normal menopause (usually between 45 and 55 years) [4] and late menopause (over 55 years) [5]. Premature and early menopause have been shown to increase all-cause mortality [6,7], while later menopause has been associated with higher life expectancy [5] and also with adverse health outcomes such as an increased risk of breast cancer [8]. Different factors have been associated with the age at presentation of menopause: while smoking and underweight are associated with earlier menopause [9,10], high education is related to later menopause [11].
Ages at menarche and menopause, and mortality among postmenopausal women
2019, MaturitasCitation Excerpt :Most [5–11], but not all [12], relevant studies reported that an earlier age at menarche was associated with a higher risk for all-cause mortality or selected cause-specific mortalities. Meanwhile, higher risks of major cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality have been observed among women with early menopause [10,13–15]. Although previous studies shown early menarche or menopause may be independently associated with mortality, their joint association with mortality was less clear.
The association of age at menopause and all-cause and cause-specific mortality by race, postmenopausal hormone use, and smoking status
2019, Preventive Medicine ReportsCitation Excerpt :Estrogen deficiency and hormonal menopause prior to age 51 are associated with premature morbidity (osteoporosis and cardiovascular, neurological, and psychiatric diseases) and mortality (Shuster et al., 2010), although the association of age at menopause with mortality by type of menopause is less clear (Jacobsen et al., 2003; Mondul et al., 2005; Ossewaarde et al., 2005). Some studies have reported elevated CHD risk for women with natural menopause at <45 years of age (Hu et al., 1999; Wellons et al., 2012) and elevated all-cause mortality risk for those with natural menopause at <40 years of age (Gong et al., 2016). With regard to the relation between postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use and cardiovascular disease (CVD), a consensus is lacking regarding the long-term risks and benefits, and routine use of HRT is not currently recommended for primary or secondary prevention of heart disease (Gartlehner et al., 2017).
Women-specific predictors of cardiovascular disease risk - new paradigms
2019, International Journal of CardiologyCardiovascular Implications of the Menopause Transition: Endogenous Sex Hormones and Vasomotor Symptoms
2018, Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North AmericaAge at natural menopause and mortality: A survival analysis of elderly residents of São Paulo, Brazil
2018, MaturitasCitation Excerpt :Natural menopause is defined as the absence of menstrual periods due to loss of ovarian follicular function [1], which frequently occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 [2].