Investigation on complex coacervation between fish skin gelatin from cold-water fish and gum arabic: Phase behavior, thermodynamic, and structural properties
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Proteins and polysaccharides are the essential functional ingredients determining the texture, structure, and shelf-life of most food products (Dickinson, 2008; Doublier, Garnier, Renard, & Sanchez, 2000). Meanwhile, coacervates of proteins and polysaccharides, were the most widely used hydrocolloids in food industry (Schmitt et al., 2005). Coacervation is a fundamental physicochemical phenomenon that is of great importance to determine the structure and physical properties of formulated foods (Schmitt, Sanchez, Desobrybanon, & Hardy, 1998; Strauss & Gibson, 2004). Interplay between biopolymers can be divided into three behaviors, including co-solubility, thermodynamic in-compatibility, and complex formation (Vivian & Callis, 2001; Cgde & Tuinier, 2001). Biopolymers are co-soluble in dilute solutions because mixing is driven by entropy (Turgeon, Beaulieu, Schmitt, & Sanchez, 2003). The mixture of biopolymers may become unstable with increase in concentration. Effective repulsion between biopolymers or an asymmetry in biopolymer-solvent interaction may lead to thermodynamic in-compatibility or segregative phase behavior where each phase is enriched in one of the biopolymer components (Cao et al., 2015; Piculell & Lindman, 1992; Tolstoguzov, 1991). Effective attraction between biopolymers with opposite charges and separation into biopolymer-rich and solvent-rich phases bring about complex coacervation or associative phase behavior (Cao et al., 2015; de Kruif, Weinbreck, & de Vries, 2004; Piculell & Lindman, 1992; Tolstoguzov, 1991).
In recent years, a number of researchers have studied protein-polysaccharide complexes and coacervates to broaden possible food applications for development of bioactive delivery devices (Dong et al., 2015), gels (Huang et al., 2017), and emulsions (Ganzevles, Cohen Stuart, Tvan, & Hhjde, 2006). There have been many reports about biopolymer pairs, such as ovalbumin/gum arabic (Boudia, Louly, & Prins, 2015), carrageen/gelatin (Cao et al., 2015), sodium caseinate/gum arabic (Ye, Edwards, Gilliland, Jameson, & Singh, 2012), bovine serum albumin/flaxseed gum (Liu, Shim, Wang, & Reaney, 2015), canola protein isolate/chitosan (Chang, Gupta, Timilsena, & Adhikari, 2016), gelatin/chitosan (Wang, Wang, & Heuzey, 2016), and so on. The most classical biopolymer pair of complex coacervation is the gelatin/gum arabic (GE/GA) system in which GE and GA are used as positive and negative polyelectrolyte, respectively (Leclercq, Harlander, & Reineccius, 2010). GE can be acquired from bovine hide, cattle bones, pig skin, and marine sources (warm- and cold-water fish skins, bones, and fins) (Piacentini, Giorno, Dragosavac, Vladisavljević, & Holdich, 2013). Mammalian GE is expected to seek for alternatives, due to worldwide religious sentiments, vegetarian nutritional requirements, and the risk associated with the transmission of pathogenic vectors (Piacentini et al., 2013). Therefore GE obtained from marine sources has attracted growing attention from researchers in recent years (Karim & Bhat, 2009; Surh, Decker, & Mcclements, 2006).
Fish gelatin (FG), especially from cold water fish, possesses low gelling point (8–25 °C) that enables complex coacervation to happen at about ambient or slightly above-ambient temperature. FG has been blended with different polysaccharides including hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (Chen, Lin, & Kang, 2009), chitosan (Kołodziejska, Piotrowska, Bulge, & Tylingo, 2006), pectin (Liu, Liu, Fishman, & Hicks, 2007), and GA (Anvari & Chung, 2016). GA is one of the mostly widely used industrial polysaccharides owing to its good surface activity and low viscosity (Burgess & Carless, 1984; Weinbreck, D.V., Schrooyen, & D.K., 2003). So many researchers focused on the interactions between FG from cold water fish and GA molecules in aqueous solution and the results are as follows: Yang, Anvari, Pan, and Chung (2012) studied the influence of pH, FG to GA ratio, and total biopolymer concentration on turbidity, methylene blue–GA interactions, zeta potential, and biopolymer complex size; Piacentini et al. (2013) focused on production of complex coacervate microcapsules of controlled size under mild shear stress conditions; Anvari et al. studied the influence of phase separation temperature (Anvari, Pan, Yoon, & Chung, 2015) and oxidized or non-oxidized tannic acid (Anvari & Chung, 2016) on the rheological and structural characteristics of FG–GA complex coacervate gels. But above all, the understanding of interactions between FG and GA in an aqueous environment is not enough. The characteristics such as thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of FG–GA complex coacervate are still unclear.
The objective of this study is to investigate the interactions between fish skin gelatin (FSG) from cold water fish and GA as a function of pH at 25 °C. The interactions between FSG and GA were firstly found by the increase of turbidity and then verified by determining the structural properties of FSG–GA complex coacervates through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the mechanism of interactions between FSG and GA was clarified through isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), electrophoretic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry. These experimental results can contribute to the understanding of interactions between FSG and GA. Moreover, the research results provide guidance on designing complex food systems based on complexes and coacervates.
Section snippets
Materials
FSG (molecular weight 60 kDa) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). GA (molecular weight 250 kDa) was obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biochemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All the chemicals used were of analytical grade and were purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China).
Sample preparation
The mixture of FSG and GA was obtained by dissolving each powder in deionized water under 100 rpm stirring at 25 °C for 2 h to ensure biopolymer dissolution. The total
Phase behaviors of complex formation in mixtures of FSG and GA as a function of pH
The net charges on the surfaces of biopolymers that play a critical role in complexation can be regulated by the pH of solvent. Meanwhile, the charge balance between proteins and polysaccharides was affected by various mass ratios of mixtures and further influenced the interaction and complexation (Liu et al., 2010). So the phase behaviors during complex coacervation between FSG and GA were investigated as a function of pH. Meanwhile, the ratios varied from 4:1 to 1:4 at a constant
Conclusion
The results of XRD and SEM proved the interactions between FSG and GA at pHopt 3.5 in a much more precise manner than turbidity analysis. The complex coacervation between FSG and GA was found to be spontaneous and mainly dominated by the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bondings. The electrostatic interaction between FSG and GA at pH 6.0 was found through the disappearing of symmetric COO− stretching vibration. It was the strong electronic interaction by further acidification that played
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Abbreviations
- CD
circular dichroism
- FG
fish gelatin
- FSG
fish skin gelatin
- FTIR
Fourier transformed infrared
- GA
gum arabic
- GE
gelatin
- ITC
isothermal titration calorimetry
- SEM
scanning electron microscope
- XRD
X-ray diffraction
- ZP
zeta potential
- ZPs
zeta potentials
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0400504).
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