An integrated approach using AHP and DEMATEL for evaluating climate change mitigation strategies of the Indian cement manufacturing industry⋆
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have increased since the pre-industrial era, driven mostly by population growth and economic activities. This has led to the atmospheric concentration of GHGs, is extremely likely the dominant cause of climate change and its effects have been detected throughout the climate system. Continued GHGs emissions (GHGEs) will enhance global warming and will cause long-lasting changes in the climate system (IPCC, 2014b). Sustained and substantial reductions in GHGEs will limit climate change and its associated risks (Emodi et al., 2019).
In addition to International pressure for effective reducing in GHGEs like Kyoto Protocol (UNFCC, 1997), Copenhagen conference (Bodansky, 2010) and recently the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015), there is an increase in regulatory, consumer, shareholder and societal pressure to reduce GHGEs (Cadez & Czerny, 2016; Al-Amin et al., 2015; Jeswani et al., 2008a, Jeswani et al., 2008b).
Over the last century, cement based concrete has become the highest manufactured product on earth regarding volume and also it is the most consumed product on earth after water (Hasanbeigi et al., 2012; Sakai, 2009). Also, cement production is one of the most energy-intensive industry in the world (Madlool et al., 2012). It is one of the major sources of anthropogenic CO2Es among the industrial activities (Wei & Cen, 2019; Feiz et al., 2015). Production of cement accounts for about 5–8% of total global anthropogenic CO2Es (Talaei et al., 2018; Kajaste & Hurme, 2016). However to reduce GHGEs is not an easy task for the cement industry as these are most susceptible due to a variety of problems, like resource constraints, difficult access to regulatory obligations, limited access to finance, incapable managers and advanced technologies (Herrera et al., 2017). These barriers are most prominent for developing countries like India.
Climate change mitigation strategies help the cement manufacturing industry to reduce GHGEs effectively and efficiently. The need of the hour is to identify effective mitigation strategies to reduce GHGEs of the cement manufacturing industry of a developing economy. With this in mind, this study has the following objectives.
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To identifying and evaluating the relative importance weight of each the climate change mitigation strategies of cement manufacturing industry
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To establish the interactions between each climate change mitigation strategies of cement manufacturing industry in the context of a developing economy like India.
An extant literature review has been done to identify climate change mitigation strategies of the cement manufacturing industry. However, it will be impossible to implement all the mitigation strategies simultaneously. Hence, industry should identify some mitigation strategies, which have essentially to be, manage and controlled to reduce the GHGEs from the cement industry through an integrated approach by employing analytical hierarchy process (AHP), decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique. This study was undertaken in various Indian cement industry. The result might improve environmental performance assuring accessible implementation of essential climate change mitigation strategies. Further, discussions and conclusions are accomplished from a comprehensive survey, plant visits, and interviews.
The rest of this paper is as follows: Section 2 explores appropriate literature about the present study. Detail of solution methodology given in section 3. Section 4 covers the proposed research framework and its application. The result and discussion of the present study are in section 5 while managerial and practical implications of research cover in section 6. Conclusions, limitations, and scope of future work presented in section 7.
Section snippets
Literature review
These sections discuss in detail literature related to the cement industry and various common climate change mitigation strategies of the cement industry.
The general cement manufacturing (dry process) process, the sources of GHGEs, Energy consumption, and waste heat flow during cement manufacturing shown in Fig. 1.
Solution methodology
In this research work, the combined AHP and DEMATEL techniques are applied. The AHP technique has been used to rank the various factor according to their importance based on expert opinion and provides a chance for cement manufacturers to enhance their performance on a timely basis. Even though AHP is a dominant decision-making technique to prioritize the given factors but it is unable to determine the causal relationship between the various factors, which may limit the AHP technique to
Proposed research framework and its application
A proposed research framework for evaluating the climate change mitigation strategies of the Indian cement industry is based on the combined AHP and DEMATEL techniques consist of three phases.
Phase I: Identifying the common climate change mitigation strategies of Indian cement industry from literature resources and with the industrial expert consultation.
Phase II: By using the AHP technique, prioritize the climate change mitigation strategies. This prioritization would help to evolve the
Results and discussions
According to the finding of this research work, among the main factor, Fuel Emission reduction (FER) obtain the highest priority as it holds the first rank (Table 8). Also, FER is fitted to cause group, since (ri-cj) score is positive, equal to 0.5070 (Table 10) hence on the main remaining factors it has remarkable domination. Consequently, for the Indian cement industry it is revealed that the FER is a decisive factor to reduce a significant amount of thermal energy consumption and GHGEs, thus
Managerial and practical implications of research
This study has enumerated various common climate change mitigation strategies of the cement industry. Consequently, this study has definite managerial and practical implications that are discussed as follows: Enumerating the various factors of common climate change mitigation strategies of the cement industry. From GHGEs reduction perspective, this study reveals five main factors and twenty-four sub-factors from large cement organizations. In addition to the economic basis, cement organization
Conclusions, limitations, and scope of future work
Cement manufacturing is one of the world's most energy and emissions-intensive industry. On an average, 850 kg of CO2 is emitted for every tonne of cement produced during the process of calcinations adding to the environmental burden. Thus, concerted efforts required by the cement industry to reduce manufacturing energy consumption and the use of natural resources and developing new applications for cement and concrete that improve energy efficiency, durability, green image of the industry by
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Quality Improvement programme (QIP), Government of India and IIT Roorkee India for providing support under QIP/IITR/MIED/15920018 for conducting this research.
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This paper has been recommended for acceptance by Dr. Haidong Kan.