A study on anode diffusion layer for performance enhancement of a direct methanol fuel cell
Introduction
In recent years, technology developments have driven interest around the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) application in small power device for portable electric and APU systems [1]. All of portable energy devices, fast recharging and hundred-watt-class DMFC systems, designed to supply power for medium-size electrical applications, have been developed [2]. Therefore, as one of the most promising proton exchange membrane fuel cell, DMFCs have received more and more attention because of easy fuel storage, high energy efficiency and simple structure [3]. Barbera et al. [4] designed a simple and functional DMFC stack with planar and monopolar ministack structure for portable applications as a power supply, and run it under various operation temperatures (30–90 °C). Using a 5-cell DMFC stack, Lohoff et al. [5] provided a data for DMFC modeling to the scientific community to simulate experiment results and response surface methodology to the fuel cell characterization. Both of them tried their best to promote practical application of the DMFC device. It’s clear that the determining factor is the DMFC performance. In order to improve the DMFC performance, a lot of efficient research works have been explored. Many modification researches, for example, Pd-SiO2 nanofiber/Nafion membrane, were studied for development of the new proton exchange membrane with low methanol permeability and high dimensional stability [6]. Plenty of papers introduced many kinds of novel catalysts with high activity for methanol oxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction [7]. Structure optimizations of the catalyst layer were also developed, for example, application of the porous carbon nanofiber layer in membrane electrode assembly by Zainoodin et al. [8]. The rest of researchers analyzed effects of assembly and operating parameters on the DMFC performance [9]. Until now, the peak power density of the modified DMFC has reached up to more than 200 mW cm−2 [10]. In the case of high current density, for example, more than 1000 mA cm−2, the balance of mass transfer of CO2 gas and methanol needs to be re-explored and re-established in anode diffusion layer. Therefore, the mass transfer property and internal resistance caused by anode diffusion layer need to be studied systematically, which becomes more and more urgent.
It’s well known that diffusion layer is composed of microporous layer and supporting layer, as shown in Fig. S1. Currently, many optimization works have been researched to enhance the property of anode diffusion layer efficiently. Via 1D, two-phase transport model, Shaffer and Wang [11] discovered that a hydrophobic anode microporous layer reduced the water crossover from anode to cathode, resulting in a lower methanol crossover. Combining with a simulation method, Yuan et al. [12] discussed the effect of emulsion binder types (Nafion and PTFE) on fuel cell performance, and obtained a similar conclusion that the anode microporous layer with 10 wt.% of PTFE was the optimal structure for the micro DMFC with limiting current density of less than 150 mA cm−2. As well, Sudaroli et al. [13] also believed that the introduction of PTFE into anode diffusion layer could reduce methanol crossover, and their experimental result showed that about 20% of methanol crossover current density was reduced by 10% PTFE loading, leading to enhancement of fuel cell performance by 50%. Instead, Kang et al. [14] designed an anode diffusion layer with spatial variation of hydrophobicity along the through-plane direction, and found that the hydrophilic anode microporous layer fabricated with an ionomer binder was more beneficial than conventional hydrophobic one fabricated with PTFE. Yuan et al. [15] reported the positive effect of sintering treatment for the anode diffusion layer based on copper-fiber felt with a gradient porous structure on seepage pressure and fuel cell performance. Kim et al. [16] found that carbon black (50 vol%) and platelet carbon nanofiber (50 vol%) was the best content in anode microporous layer, and got the maximum power density of 67.7 mW cm−2 under operation with a 7 mol L−1 methanol. About material selection of supporting layer, Oliveira et al. [17] verified that the DMFC performance increased with a decrease of carbon paper thickness (340–110 μm) due to a decrease of the anode overpotential achieved by a facilitated access of reactants. So, as for the research of anode diffusion layer, the main effort has been concentrated on type and loading of carbon powder material and binder emulsion in microporous layer, material selection of supporting layer for the DMFC with limiting current density of lower than 750 mA cm−2, since now.
When the discharge current density increases to a big value, anode diffusion layer will be filled by the product gas, CO2, with vast volume. The transmission of methanol solution from flow field to catalyst layer will be a controlling factor to limit DMFC performance. Our previous work found that the hydrophilic anode diffusion layer prepared by a nitrated treatment method and Nafion binder was helpful to enhance the performance of DMFC with the limiting current density of more than 1300 mA cm−2 [18]. But beyond that, to our knowledge, few reports have focused on the optimization research of anode diffusion layer to adapt the DMFC with high performance (for example, discharge current density greater than 1000 mA cm−2).
Herein, in the case of high peak power density, the anode diffusion layer has been explored for the DMFC. The effects of sintering treatment, binder type and carbon powder loading in microporous layer, and emulsion type and loading in supporting layer on fuel cell performance at 80 °C have been discussed systematacially.
Section snippets
Preparation of anode diffusion layer
Anode microporous layer slurry composed of carbon powder (XC-72R, Johnson Matthey, USA) of 80 wt.%, PTFE binder emulsion with the solid content of 20 wt.%, and isopropyl as solvent, was dispersed by ice-ultrasonic method. Prior to prepare microporous layer, the carbon paper (Toray-H-90, Japan) was pretreated with 5 wt.% PTFE, then sintered at 280 °C for 0.5 h as supporting layer, as described in our previous work [19]. As shown in Fig. S2, the microporous layer slurry was sprayed onto surface of the
Influences of binder type and sintering treatment
Nafion emulsion was used in microporous layers of the A-1 and A-2 as hydrophilic binder. Microporous layers of the A-3 and A-4 were prepared by PTFE emulsion with hydrophobicity. Among these, microporous layers of the A-2 and A-4 were modified through sintering treatment. Fig. 1 presents effects of binder type and sintering treatment on polarization curves of the DMFC. Peak power densities of the A-1 and A-2, 127.0 mW cm−2 and 236.0 mW cm−2, are higher than those of the A-3 and A-4, respectively.
Conclusions
The effects of sintering treatment, binder type and carbon powder loading in anode microporous layer, and emulsion type and loading in anode supporting layer on the DMFC performance have been discussed in this paper. The sintering treatment decreases the electron resistance significantly, and the Nafion binder improves the methanol solution transmission. The too thin microporous layer leads to poor contact between carbon paper and catalyst layer, resulting in small reaction active area in anode
Acknowledgments
Thanks for the support from the KIST institutional program (2E26291) and flag program (2E26300), research grants of NRF funded by the National Research Foundation under the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future, Korea (NRF-2015H1D3A1036078), and the Grant of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2014M550811), special funds of the State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control of China (No. 14K04ESPCR and 15K04ESPCT).
References (26)
- et al.
Enhanced heat transfer with corrugated flow channel in anode side of direct methanol fuel cells
Energy Convers Manage
(2013) - et al.
International activities in DMFC R&D: status of technologies and potential applications
J Power Sources
(2004) - et al.
Effect of dimethyl ether on the performance characteristics of a direct methanol fuel cell
Energy Convers Manage
(2013) - et al.
Simple and functional direct methanol fuel cell stack designs for application in portable and auxiliary power units
Int J Hydrogen Energy
(2016) - et al.
Performance of direct methanol fuel cell with a palladium-silica nanofibre/Nafion composite membrane
Energy Convers Manage
(2013) - et al.
Effect of MO2 (M = Ce, Mo, Ti) layer on activity and stability of PtCo/C catalysts during an oxygen reduction reaction
Energy Convers Manage
(2016) - et al.
High power direct methanol fuel cell with a porous carbon nanofiber anode layer
Appl Energy
(2014) - et al.
Effect of fabrication and operating parameters on electrochemical property of anode and cathode for direct methanol fuel cells
Energy Convers Manage
(2016) - et al.
Role of hydrophobic anode MPL in controlling water crossover in DMFC
Electrochim Acta
(2009) - et al.
Mass transport optimization in the anode diffusion layer of a micro direct methanol fuel cell
Energy
(2015)
An experimental study on the effect of membrane thickness and PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) loading on methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cell
Energy
Effect of variation of hydrophobicity of anode diffusion media along the through-plane direction in direct methanol fuel cells
Int J Hydrogen Energy
Anode optimization based on gradient porous control medium for passive liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cells
Renewable Energy
Cited by (32)
A flexible micro direct methanol fuel cells array based on FPCB
2022, Energy Conversion and ManagementLaser-perforated anode gas diffusion layers for direct methanol fuel cells
2021, International Journal of Hydrogen EnergyResearch progress of catalyst layer and interlayer interface structures in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system
2020, eTransportationCitation Excerpt :MPLis usually a layer of carbon powder which is made on the surface of the substrate to improve the pore structure.it’s the main function of the MPL is to reduce the contact resistance, to prevent the catalyst from leaking into the substrate during the preparation process, and to improve the water management. Previous research focuses on the modification of microporous structure [113,114], the regulation of hydrophobicity [115,116], and the mechanism of internal water transport [116,117]. However, ohmic and mass transport losses can originate at the various interfaces that exist between the fuel cell components, one of which is the MPL/CL interface (see Fig. 37).
Active direct methanol fuel cell: An overview
2020, International Journal of Hydrogen EnergyHigh performance alkaline-acid direct glycerol fuel cells for portable power supplies via electrode structure design
2020, International Journal of Hydrogen EnergyTechnology of passive micro-direct methanol fuel cells
2020, Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Technology
- 1
Those authors contributed equally to this paper.