Full length articleHepatoprotective effects of ZLY16, a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ agonist, in rodent model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Graphical abstract
In NASH model, the long-term administration of PPARα/δ dual agonist ZLY16 has multiple benefits on improving liver lipid profiles, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, ballooning and oxidative stress.
Introduction
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is regarded as the manifestations of hepatic disorders, ranging from simple hepatocellular steatosis through nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis, and irreversible cirrhosis (Chatterjee and Mitra, 2015; Younossi et al., 2015, 2016). With the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity, NAFLD is now the most common liver metabolic disease in Western countries(Cheung and Sanyal, 2010). Although the incidence of NAFLD is rapidly growing, yet there are no approved pharmacotherapies for this disease (Younossi et al., 2018). Hence, efficacious therapeutic agents for the treatment of NAFLD are striking.
Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily (Gross et al., 2017; Hong et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2015). PPARs play crucial roles in the regulation of numerous physiological processes, including immune response, energy homeostasis, cell proliferation, migration and differentiation(Magadum and Engel, 2018). The PPAR family is composed of three primary isotypes: PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ—that share high levels of sequence homology but have various tissue distributions and ligand selectivity(Poulsen et al., 2012). PPARα, the target of anti-hyperlipidemic fibrates, is expressed high levels in the adipose tissue, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and liver(Brown and Plutzky, 2007). In various animal models, the absence of PPARα in hepatocytes is linked with the aggravation hepatic steatosis(Kersten et al., 1999; Montagner et al., 2016). PPARδ, another member of the PPAR family, exhibits high expression levels not only in liver but also in skeletal muscle and macrophages(Bojic and Huff, 2013), and its activation ameliorates insulin-sensitivity, inhibits glucose production in the liver, decreases macrophage and Kupffer cell activation and increases fatty acid oxidation (Adhikary et al., 2015; Sprecher et al., 2007; Tanaka et al., 2003). In previous studies, we have identified several PPARδ agonists with high potential on the improvement of energy metabolism (Li et al., 2018, 2019a, 2019b, 2020). The agonist of PPARγ (rosiglitazone) has been widely used to the treatment of metabolic disease, though excessive activation of PPARγ may cause side effects (Ahmadian et al., 2013; Monsalve et al., 2013; Verges, 2004).
Based on the well-known functions of PPARα and PPARδ, the dual PPARα/δ agonist might have the potential to improve the complex pathogenesis of NASH. Elafibranor (GFT-505), a novel PPARα/δ agonist, aims to synergize the beneficial impact of PPARα and PPARδ agonist. Studies from human and animal studies suggest that GFT505 alleviates fatty liver with additional benefit on plasma lipid levels(Cariou et al., 2011; Hanf et al., 2014; Staels et al., 2013). The peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity was also improved by the administration of GFT505. Besides, GFT505 improves liver enzymes levels and decreases inflammation markers. Taken together, PPARα/δ was considered as attractive targets for the treatment of NAFLD.
Interestingly, the cyclization of GFT505 provided ZLY16, a potent PPARα/δ dual agonist with relative higher potency on PPARγ, which might be more favorable to the treatment of NASH while avoiding side effect induced by excessive activation of PPARγ. To explore whether the novel dual PPARα/δ agonist ZLY16 could improve NASH, we evaluated the long-term effects of ZLY16 on NASH in MCD diet-induced db/db mice.
Section snippets
Chemistry
All commercial available materials and reagents were used without purification unless otherwise indicated. Purification by column chromatography was carried out using silica gel (200–300 mesh). The NMR spectra (300 MHz for 1 H NMR) were detected on Bruker ACF-300Q instrument. Chemical shifts are showed as values relative to the internal standard (tetramethylsilane), and coupling constants (J values) were given in hertz (Hz).
1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-5-yl)ethan-1-one (2a). Dissolution of
Chemistry
ZLY16 was synthesized according to the synthetic route depicted in Scheme 1, purity >98%. The key intermediate 2a was prepared by Friedel-Crafts acylation of commercially available 1a and acetyl chloride. The commercially starting material 3a was treated with methyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate to afford the intermediates 4a, which was further converted to target compounds ZLY16 by aldol condensation with 2a. Purification of reaction products was carried out by column chromatography using
Discussion
NAFLD, an emerging metabolic-related disease defined features as excess hepatic lipid accumulation, is becoming one of the most common liver metabolic diseases which is closely related to obesity. However, there is no convincing pharmacological treatment for NAFLD. Thus, there is a pressing need for studies on potential therapeutic interventions of NAFLD. Recently, PPARs have drawn interest as potent targets for the treatment of NAFLD. PPARα is highly expressed in liver and plays a dominant
Conclusion
In conclusion, the present study reported a novel potent PPARα/δ modulator named ZLY16 which provides powerful protection against MCD-induced fatty liver hepatitis in db/db mice. The chronic study demonstrated that ZLY16 could exert equivalent functions as GFT505 in decreasing liver injury biomarkers, improving NASH features such as steatosis, inflammation, ballooning and reducing liver oxidative stress. In addition, ZLY16 offers more favorable effects in decreasing liver TC and TG
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Zongtao Zhou: Writing - original draft. Liming Deng: Project administration. Lijun Hu: Project administration. Qiang Ren: Software, Resources. Zongyu Cai: Software, Resources. Bin Wang: Software, Resources. Zheng Li: Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Luyong Zhang: Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant 2019A1515011036), Key Field R&D Plan Project of Guangdong province (No. 2019B020201002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 81803341), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant 2018A030313445), the Innovative strong school project of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University (Grant 2018KTSCX111), the projects of Guangzhou key laboratory of construction and
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These authors made equal contributions to this work.