Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews
Association between vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome risk factors
Introduction
Parallel to the benefits of the Industrial Revolution for modern societies there was also a milestone in modifying the way of life. Modification in dietary habits and physical activity was observed. Besides the ease of obtaining ready-to-eat foods, it was also noted the consumption of foods with high sugar and fat contents leading to an increase in the incidence of chronic-degenerative diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (DM2), hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome (SM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [[1], [2], [3]].
In addition to the commonly associated risk factors for CVD, vitamin D insufficiency is also associated with metabolic complications. This vitamin is a fat soluble hormone that may be consumed with the ingestion of certain kinds of food, or it can be produced in the skin under exposition to sunlight. This hormone is named cholecalciferol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) (1,25(OH)2D3, or vitamin D3) when synthesized in the skin or ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) when produced by plants and fungus. In the skin, there is activation of 7-dehydrocholesterol by the ultraviolet light producing the pre-vitamin D and subsequently, vitamin D3. 1,25(OH)2D3 is the active form of this hormone, and it is associated with several biological effects [[4], [5], [6]].
Besides its role in the maintenance of bone tissue, as well as in the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, some authors have shown its relationship to different pathologies. They suggest that it is also involved in many processes such as secretion of hormones such as insulin, regulation of body weight, and role in the immune system. Some studies have shown that vitamin D acts as a potent modifier of the risk of developing cardiovascular complications [[7], [8], [9]].
Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the association among metabolic syndrome risk factors, atherogenic indexes and Vitamin D in a group of patients attended at a Cardiology Center.
Section snippets
Groups of patients
For this study, we invited 200 patients of both sexes attended in a Cardiology Center (Medical School of Marilia – São Paulo – Brazil). Most were female (n = 111) and aged between 41 and 70 years (from march to august, 2017).
In a preliminary analysis, we observed that the gender was not a determining factor in the studied parameters, due to this reason we conducted the study with male and female in the same sample.
Ethics
This study had the approvement by the Ethics Committee of the University of
Results
Only 20.0% of the patients studied in this work presented normal levels of Vitamin D. All the patients with altered values for vitamin D presented MS. In Table 1 we may see that patients with insufficient values of Vitamin D possess significant higher values for glycemia, HbA1C, total cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, CI-I, CI-II, non-HDL-c, creatinine, AST, WC, and BMI when compared with patients with normal values for this vitamin. They also present significantly altered values for the
Discussion
Authors have shown that insufficiency of Vitamin D has increased worldwide with epidemic proportions and may be associated with metabolic syndrome factors such as glucose intolerance/DM, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [[18], [19], [20]]. Our results corroborate these findings and show that in this group of patients, most of them present insufficient levels of this vitamin. Furthermore, there are high percentages of changes in glycemia, lipid profile, and
Conclusion
Our results showed a remarkable prevalence of low concentrations of Vitamin D in the group of patients and this deficiency is related to higher values for glycemia, HbA1C, triglycerides, atherogenic indices, BMI and low levels of HDL-c. Therefore, the knowledge of the metabolic profile and levels of vitamin D in patients with cardiovascular risk may be helpful in the development of an adequate therapeutic approach and modifications in the lifestyle that can prevent future complications and may
Authors contributions
SMB and RJT: design of the project and writing of the manuscript. ALC, ASR, KQ: helped on the design and discussion of the manuscript. MDB and RAG: anthropometric data and biochemical analysis collection. MO: performed the data analysis.
Conflict of interests
Authors declare no conflict of interests.
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