Research paperMetamaterial based sensor integrating transmission line for detection of branded and unbranded diesel fuel
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, sensor applications always attract attention scientists and engineers, sensor studies have been rapidly growing of interesting applications and advanced technologies such as smart devises, robotics and industrial applications [1], [2]. Along this line, different techniques and approaches to fabricate viable sensor can be found in literature because of their simple geometry, small size ease of fabrication and low cost [3], [4]. These sensors are realized by artificial engineering electromagnetic structures having unique electromagnetic properties, which are not available, compared to other types of materials in nature these kinds of special materials called metamaterials (MTM) [5], [6], [7]. MTM sensor studies can be divided into two categories which are non-resonant and resonant methods [8]. Microstrip structures, especially split ring resonator (SRR) based MTM sensors have been widely used for complex permittivity-based sensor studies due to their ease of application property [9], [10], [11], [12]. Also, transmission line integrated sensors have been investigated for different and multipurpose sensor applications [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. Like the MTM sensors which are developed for dielectrics, liquids and biomolecules, they can be used for physical parameters as temperature, pressure, purity, and cancer cell detection [18], [19], [20]. In order to explain the purpose and focus of this study brief literature can be explained as below. MTM sensors which employs resonance frequency shift according to the parameter that is going be sensed [21], [22]. Since fuel adulteration is global problem especially in Asian countries this study focused on the adulteration of diesel fuel [23]. There are different methods and different studies conducted to sense resonance frequency shift as fiber grating sensors, density measurement methods and filter paper method and gas chromatography [24], [25], [26]. These methods have positive and negative sides for example they need laboratory equipment and need time for show correct results which can be evaluated as negative sides. Positive sides of these methods, they show the correct results with right equipment. In this study as alternative to these methods, a transmission line integrated metamaterial sensor has been designed produced and tested to sense the branded and unbranded diesel. Transmission lines have effectively been used in micro-fluid, strain and rotation sensing in Refs. [27], [28]. Chang ming Chen, Jun Xu and Yao Yao[29] designed and fabricated half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) loaded with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) as a humidity sensor with high sensitivity in 2018, Tumkaya et al. [30] also presented the distinguish authentic and in authentic fuel samples by using metamaterials based sensor waveguide with a reservoir for the liquids, after one year Tamer with his group [31] investigated the determination authentic and in authentic gasoline samples by using the transmission line based metamaterials sensor, both mentioned pervious work are similar but they used different method. Tumkaya et al. have conducted another study for fuel sensor by using three rhombus slots in [32].
In this work, MTM based liquid sensor integrated transmission line are investigated both numerically and experimentally to determination the authentic and inauthentic diesel at microwave frequency range. CST Microwave Studio, which can be classified as a full-wave electromagnetic (EM) solver using finite integration technique, have been used to design and simulation studies. The electrical properties (relative dielectric constant and lost tangent) of the authentic and inauthentic diesel samples are examined in a frequency range between 8 GHz and 12 GHz. Also, compatible results observed between 1 GHz and 20 GHz to verify wideband usability. The dimensions of the proposed structure are determined by using the parametric studies in the simulation program. The mechanism of the sensing studies, electric field and surface current distribution have been presented in the next chapter. The sensor structure has been fabricated by using LPKF E33 PCB machine in the same condition as simulated. The selected samples have been placed in the sensor layer after production. Agilent PLN-A Vector Network Analyser (VNA) was used to measure the transmission coefficient of the proposed structure. Both experimental and simulation study results are complying with each other and the proposed structure have effectively been used for the separation of branded and unbranded diesel. In addition to the diesel separation, the proposed structure can be used for similar liquids for adulteration since it has two times greater sensitivity with similar metamaterial sensor studies when it is compared with [30], [31], [32] by its unique design and sensing method.
Section snippets
Theory and proposed design
In this study, a sensor application has been carried out especially in order to detect diesel fraud in the global. The proposed MTM sensor structure has been designed in accordance with the transmission line modelling as shown in Fig. 1a. The proposed structure is designed as a transmission line based, the backside of the structure is covered by a copper metal which acts as a ground plane with a thickness of 0.035 mm and FR4 (Flame Retardant 4) substrate material having dielectric constant
Branded diesel and unbranded diesel electrical characteristics
Dielectric constant value is one of the unique properties of all materials found in nature. Therefore, various methods are available to determine the dielectric constant values of the materials. One of these methods is using open ended coaxial probe. As shown in Fig. 3, we have measured the dielectric characteristics of the samples by using Agilent 85070E probe kit that is connected to vector network analyzer (VNA). After making the calibration by using a calibration kit in room temperature,
Simulation results
Numerical simulation studies of branded and unbranded diesels were carried out to show the proposed transmission line based structure’s sensor application. Transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) was applied to the transmission line based sensor and the power value of the sensor transmitted from the first port to the second port (S12) in the frequency band of 8–12 GHz was investigated in this section. Since the dielectric parameters of the diesel to be placed in the measuring chamber of the
Conclusion
In summary, we were investigated both numerically and experimentally, transmission line integrated metamaterials based liquid sensor to determination authentic and inauthentic diesel samples in the microwave frequency region. In the sensing study the electrical properties of the selected samples haven been measured the test results for the dielectric constant, loss tangent for branded and unbranded diesel are 2.71, 0.48, 2.48 and 0.53 respectively. The simulations were carried out by using
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Ahmet Tamer: Conceptualization, Software. Faruk Karadağ: Conceptualization. Emin Ünal: Software. Yadgar I. Abdulkarim: Software. Lianwen Deng: . Olcay Altintas: Writing - original draft. Mehmet Bakır: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing. Muharrem Karaaslan: Software, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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2022, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and CommunicationsCitation Excerpt :Several techniques for sample investigations have been carried out using metamaterial-based resonators. The model with an engraved space in the substrate was proposed in [14,15] comprising of a metamaterial liquid sensor integrating feed transmission line (FTL). However, this concept of engraved space to hold material under test (MUT) may potentially produce errors in repeated measurements.