Performance evaluation of binders and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures modified by Ground Tire Rubber (GTR), waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Anti Stripping Agents (ASAs)

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118932

Construction and Building Materials

Volume 251, 10 August 2020, 118932

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118932 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
Effect of ASAs on fatigue and rutting properties of SMA mixtures modified by GTR and PET was investigated.
•
Based on MSCR and LAS test results, utilization of mentioned polymers enhanced the rutting and fatigue behavior of binder.
•
According to the ITS test results, ITS values of mixtures containing PET and CR additive were greater than control mixture.
•
By addition of ASA to PET/CR modified mixtures, the ITS, Mr, rutting resistance and fatigue performance of mixtures increased.

Abstract

The current study assessed the influence of Anti Stripping Agents (ASA), Ground Tire Rubber (GTR), and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on performance behavior of binder and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Through this paper, the 85/100 penetration grade binder was utilized as an original binder. Also, three liquid ASA’s (ASA (A), ASA (B), ASA (C)) were used as a mixture modifier. For this purpose, softening point, penetration, rotational viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Multi Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests were implemented to investigate the rheological properties of the modified binder. For evaluating the behavior of modified mixtures, several tests such as; Resilient Modulus, Tensile Strength, dynamic creep, wheel track, and four-point beam fatigue tests were implemented. Based on MSCR test results, utilization of mentioned polymers enhanced the elasticity of binders, and therefore, the permanent deformation resistance of binders increases. Also, by the addition of PET percentage, the rutting resistance improves. Results indicated that utilization of ASAs, PET, and Crumb Rubber (CR) enhance the Resilient Modulus (Mr), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), rutting resistance, fatigue life, and Fracture Energy (FE) of asphalt mixtures. Also, based on results, modification of binder by PET/CR with a ratio of 50%/50% and ASA (B) have the highest fatigue life, which indicates that this mixture has highest resistance against fatigue cracking.

Introduction

All around the world, several waste industrial materials are produced. These vast volumes of materials have a negative influence on the environment such as: soil, air and water pollution, that influence the economic issues, human life, energy preservation. For this reason, lots of attention was attracted to the reuse of mentioned materials as alternatives and reduce consumption of new sources. Occupation of the vast areas by these materials is another drawback of waste materials. So further investigations was needed on reusing waste materials in the pavement industry [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].

One of these waste materials, which is the main kinds of plastics, is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) [6]. This kind of plastics compound of high ratio of thermoplastic polymers. This waste material is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer and is a kind of polyester solid [7]. A large amount of waste PET is being produced in the form of different products; for instance, bottles, fibers, molding, and sheets are the products mostly manufactured in Europe by application of PET [8]. The utilization of PET is well-known in the food industry because of excellent characteristics offered by PET as a packaging material, mainly as bottles [9], [10].

Another waste material that is used for many years in the pavement industry and reclaimed from the vehicle and also truck tires is Ground Tire Rubber (GTR). The GTR is usually added to the binder at a range of 15–20%, according to the source and PG of the original binder. The utilization of GTR with polymer modified binder causes an enhancement of the performance of binder [11]. For many years utilization of GTR in asphalt mixture was evaluated as a convenient material to enhance original mixture properties and removal of crumb tires [12]. Several research in the past indicated that the addition of crumb rubber as a thermoplastic elastomer to the original binder led to enhance its properties against fatigue and rutting, decrease the rehabilitation and maintenance prices of the mixture, improved pavement life, reduced traffic noise [13], [14], [15].

A good modifier could improve the performance of binder with respect to the type of critical distress. Based on a literature, one modifier is incapable of improving all performances of pavements. Therefore, modification of binder with more than one modifier is essential, which may obtain multiple performance improvements due to multiple interactions [16].

In a study performed by Wang, Wang, Wu, and Zhang [17], the influence of Polyethylene Terephthalate, which is a composition of polyethylene and crumb rubber on the rheological binder. Results revealed that the utilization of the mentioned materials could enhance the storage modulus of modified binder.

Nazirizad [19] evaluated the influence of ASA and hydrated lime on the water sensitivity of samples. The results showed that mixtures modified by ASA have better resistance against moisture than mixture modified by hydrated lime. Park et al. [20] evaluated that aliphatic amine ASA could enhance the rutting behavior and moisture damage resistance of pavement. Zheng et al. [21] revealed that it is necessary to investigate the adaptability between ASA and binder before the selection of ASA. Xiao et al. [22] investigated the impact of ASA additive on stripping and permanent deformation properties of pavements. Results indicated that ASA causes a little improvement on the rutting performance of mixtures, but used ASAs are incapable of changing the PG of the original binder. Also, Selvaratnam et al. [23] indicated that ASA with different contents led to better change PG of PG 70–28 and PG 76–28 polymer modified binders in comparison with PG 64-22.

Several studies were implemented on using discarded PET in mixtures by replacing with the coarse and fine aggregate of asphalt mixture and also for modification of different types of mixtures. By replacing PET materials by coarse aggregates, it led to improve the properties of a mixture such as Marshall Stability and Marshall Quotient [23]. Also, by replacing PET by the fine aggregate in mixtures, it causes an increase in rutting resistance of mixture and decreases the stiffness of mixture [24]. Ahmadinia investigated the usage of waste PET in a dry method in SMA mixtures. The results showed that the addition of PET led to enhance Stability and behavior of SMA specimens [25]. Also, several studies [26], [27] revealed that the addition of PET led to enhance permanent deformation, fatigue and moisture vulnerability resistance of SMA mixtures [10], [18], [33], [34], [35].

Based on a literature, one modifier is incapable of improving all performances of pavements. Therefore, modification of binder with more than one modifier is essential, which may obtain multiple performance improvements due to multiple interactions [16].

On the one hand, far too little research studied the enhancement in rheological properties of binder and performance of CR/PET modified mixtures. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the performance of PET/CR modified SMA mixtures. Based on the previous studies performed on the evaluation of moisture susceptibility properties of CR modified mixtures, it has proved that these mixtures have the same problem on stripping. Even if several studies have shown that the water susceptibility strength of unmodified mixtures could be improved a little by the utilization of crumb rubber [19], [20]. Also, the water susceptibility resistance of mixtures containing warm additive and crumb rubber mixtures modified by the dry process is low [21], [22], [23]. Hence, it is essential to improve the moisture sensitivity strength of CR modified mixtures. On the other hand, it is not clear that the application of ASAs to improve the moisture resistance of mixtures has a positive effect on rheological properties of binder and performance of mixtures or negative impact [24]. So it is essential to investigate the effect of ASAs on performance properties of binders and mixtures containing PET/CR.

In current work, PET/CR composites with different compositions were utilized for modification of binder and enhance its performance. The influence of three ASA on PET/CR modified binders was evaluated through series of physical and rheological tests, including; MSCR, LAS, rotational viscosity, softening point, penetration grade, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. In literature, far too little attention has been paid to traffic conditions in order to classify binders. The mentioned studies tend to focus on climatic conditions rather than on traffic conditions. So, in this research, the comparison between the MSCR and PG method in grading modified binders were investigated. The four-point beam fatigue, wheel track, dynamic creep, Resilient Modulus, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test were implemented to investigate the performance of mixtures.

Section snippets

Aggregates

The required aggregates were supplied from Telo Quarry. The aggregate’s physical and chemical properties were shown in Table 1, Table 2, respectively. In this study, the nominal maximum aggregate size of 12.5 mm was utilized, and its gradation was depicted in Fig. 1.

Binder

One type of virgin binder AC-85/100 was utilized, and the binder’s properties were tabulated in Table 3.

Fiber

As the National Cooperative Highway Research Pavement (NCHRP) Report No. 425 [30] suggested, by utilizing 0.3% cellulose fiber

Conventional and rheological binder tests

In the present research, the penetration grade, softening point, ductility tests were implemented in order to measure the physical properties of binders. In this research study, for studying the properties of bitumens (unmodified and modified with WMA additives), rotational viscosity (RV) test, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test were conducted. Rotational viscosity test was conducted in order to be certain of bitumen pumping and bitumen mixing with hot aggregates. The results are shown in Table

MSCR test

A multi-stress creep recovery test, using the dynamic shear rheometer, was run on RTFO-aged samples. Anton Paar DSR, with its parallel-plate geometry loading device and a control and data acquisition system were utilized for conducting the MSCR test in the present study. Specimens were tested in replicates using a 25-mm disc and with 1-mm gap setting at a temperature of 64 °C and a stress of 100 and 3200 Pa. The tests were performed at the selected temperatures using a constant stress creep of

Rheological and conventional binder test result

Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5 show the outcomes of physical binder tests of virgin and modified binders. According to results, the addition of PET and CR to virgin binder cause an improve the properties of the binder. Based on Fig. 3, Fig. 4, the addition of PET and CR decreases and increases the penetration grade and softening point of binder. The reason for this could be due to the stiffening of the binder by the addition of that PET and CR. As results indicate, by increasing in the ratio of

MSCR test

In this research, to evaluate the rutting behavior of binder at two stress levels of 100 Pa and 3200 Pa, the MSCR test was performed. The Jnr parameter of binders at temperatures of 52 ^°C to 82 ^°C at mentioned stress levels were depicted in Fig. 7. Results indicated that as the temperature increases, the Jnr parameter and percent recovery increase and decrease, respectively. Table 9 shows the non-recoverable creep compliance and recovery percentage of binders at 64 °C. Generally, based on the

Discussions and conclusion

The goal of the current research was to evaluate the effect of PET/CR and three different ASA on the rheological performance of binder and performance properties of SMA mixtures. Hence, several rheological and performance tests were performed, such as; MSCR, LAS, ITS, MR, dynamic creep, wheel track, and fatigue life were implemented. The following conclusions can be derived from the results:

•
Based on MSCR test results, regardless of the stress levels, the addition of PET/CR to base binder

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Alireza Ameli: Conceptualization, Methodology. Javad Maher: Software, Formal analysis. Amirhosein Mosavi: Visualization, Investigation. Narjes Nabipour: Writing - review & editing. Rezvan Babagoli: Methodology, Software, Writing - review & editing. Navid Norouzi: Validation.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Performance evaluation of binders and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures modified by Ground Tire Rubber (GTR), waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Anti Stripping Agents (ASAs)

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Aggregates

Binder

Fiber

Conventional and rheological binder tests

MSCR test

Rheological and conventional binder test result

MSCR test

Discussions and conclusion

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Constr. Build. Mater.

Constr. Build. Mater.

Waste Manage.

Resour. Conserv. Recycl.

Polym. Degrad. Stab.

Eur. Polym. J.

J. Mater. Process. Technol.

Constr. Buil. Mater.

Constr. Buil. Mater.

Constr. Build. Mater.

Constr. Build. Mater.

Constr. Build. Mater.

Constr. Build. Mater.

Constr. Build. Mater.

Procedia Eng.

Mater. Des.

Constr. Build. Mater.

Constr. Build. Mater.

Colloids Surf. B

J. Cleaner Prod.

Evaluation of rutting performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures containing warm mix additives

J. Central South Univers.

Laboratory evaluation of the effect of Gilsonite on the performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures

Road Mater. Pavem. Design

Evaluation of permanent deformation characteristics of unmodified and Polyethylene Terephthalate modified asphalt mixtures using dynamic creep test

Mater. Des.