Overview of the children and domestic violence services study
Introduction
Children exposed to domestic violence also are frequently the victims of co-occurring maltreatment. In particular, domestic violence is a significant risk factor for child verbal abuse, physical punishment, and physical abuse (Kerker et al., 2000, Ross, 1996, Straus & Smith, 1995, Tajima, 2000). Although high rates of co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment have been noted in the general population (Straus et al., 1980, Straus & Smith, 1995), this co-occurrence has most commonly been investigated in single site, clinical samples of abused women and of physically abused children, with the majority of studies indicating rates of co-occurrence ranging from 30% to 60% (Appel & Holden, 1998, Edleson, 1999, Jones et al., 2002). Many children exposed to domestic violence in the home come in contact with the child welfare services because of maltreatment, such as physical or sexual abuse, or when their exposure to domestic violence is defined as neglect. Although domestic violence and child maltreatment commonly occur together, policy makers and planners of services lack a nationally representative study that examines the prevalence of this co-occurrence, which demonstrates the importance of additional study in the area.
Equally important is the need for information on state and local policies and practices around services for families with co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment. The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ) recognized the practical and inherent conflict likely to arise when two systems—one dedicated to the protection of women victimized by violence, and the other to the protection of children experiencing neglect or abuse—experience the extensive overlap in family caseloads likely to occur with issues so commonly present together. In a widely distributed document, the NCJFCJ (1999) called for extensive changes in research, practice and policy.
In 1996, Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PL 104-193) authorizing, among many other things, the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW). NSCAW is a longitudinal cohort study of more than 5000 U.S. children and adolescents ages 0–14 investigated as victims of child abuse or neglect and their families in 92 representative primary sampling units (mostly counties). The NSCAW study contains detailed information on child development, functioning and symptoms, services, environment and placement over a 36-month period along with information on domestic violence and maternal characteristics and services. By far the largest and most comprehensive study ever undertaken about children and families in child welfare, data from this research has provided important information, from a national perspective, on which researchers, administrators, advocates, and others can base their work (e.g., Hazen, Connelly, Kelleher, Landsverk, & Barth, 2004).
Although NSCAW collected reports of familial violence and outcomes data from several sources, such as parents, teachers, child welfare workers, and youth themselves, little information was collected on how domestic violence services interfaced with child welfare. This information would be useful in any attempt to improve policies and practices through analyses of regional variations, or specific coordination mechanisms. In response, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) funded the Children and Domestic Violence Services (CADVS) study to examine the policies and procedures surrounding co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment as a supplemental study to NSCAW. CADVS uses the same sample as its parent study, NSCAW, to collect detailed, contextual data at the state and local levels on the organization of child welfare services for children and domestic violence services for women. CADVS allows the linkage of this new, contextual information to the individual level survey data collected in NSCAW.
The purpose of this paper is to present: (1) the rationale for CADVS, (2) an overview of the methodology of and relationship between CADVS and its parent study (NSCAW), and (3) future plans for data analyses.
Section snippets
Rationale
The rate of co-occurrence of domestic violence and child maltreatment appears to be very high. The limited geographic variation and information about racial and ethnic minorities make it difficult to generalize these findings to a larger population. This, in part, was an impetus for the development of CADVS. In this section, we review the evidence on the co-occurrence of domestic violence and child maltreatment, its impact on the health of women and their children and of child placement, and
Methods
The Children and Domestic Violence Services (CADVS) study collected state and local contextual data via telephone interviews with child welfare services (CWS) and domestic violence services (DVS) agencies to provide information on policies and practices for dealing with co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment. CADVS is methodologically tied to the NSCAW study. Therefore, in the remainder of this section, a brief methodological overview of the NSCAW sampling and data collection
Conclusion
The high rate of co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment is a national problem that crosses geographic, ethnic and racial boundaries. It is possible that initial estimates, which appear to be very high, still may underestimate the prevalence of this serious issue.
In addition to questions about the rate of co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment, it is still unclear how current domestic violence services relate to child welfare. There is little systematic research on
Acknowledgements
Support for this work was provided by the National Institute of Justice grant 2002-WG-BX-0014. The National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) was funded under a contract from the Administration on Children, Youth and Families, U.S. DHHS.
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