A highly facile and selective Chemo-Paper-Sensor (CPS) for detection of strontium
Introduction
Paper-based devices hold lots of potentials for point-of-care and on-site diagnosis methods (Yamada et al., 2015). Due to their distinctive portability, most of paper-based devices are applicable for detecting the specific target markers (Whitesides, 2006, Yetisen et al., 2013, Costa et al., 2014). Especially, the release of heavy-metal ions and by-products into the environment is a serious problem in the whole world because human contaminated by metal is associated with harmful health effects in central nervous system (Hossain and Brennan, 2011, Jomova and Valko, 2011). Also, heavy-metal ions are not biodegradable and are among the most toxic and cancer inducing elements. Therefore, effective, selective and accurate detection for heavy-metal ions are of great importance (Li et al., 2013, Carter et al., 2014, Mahato et al., 2014). In recent years, paper has been used as a platform sensor functionalized as a substrate to construct devices for detection of specific markers (Martinez et al., 2007, Yetisen et al., 2013). The primary advantage of paper-based platform is simple and provides a yes or no response to users directly. Paper-based platforms could enable quantitative analysis for potential applications like veterinary medicine, environmental monitoring, and food safety (Martinez et al., 2008, Martinez et al., 2009). Furthermore, paper-based systems are facile, simple, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid, robust, cost-effective, and applicable to a wide range of biological and environmental samples (Nie et al., 2010, Jeong et al., 2015).
Radionuclides of strontium (Sr2+), because of its greater yield in the nuclear fission process and longer half-lives, is among the most hazardous and dangerous radionuclides in the nuclear waste effluents (Khan, 2003). Strontium ion, for example, is the main fission products of spent fuels and they are found in all of the radioactively contaminated places. Among radioactive strontium nuclides, strontium a pure beta-particles emitter with maximum beta energy of 546 keV, has the longest radiological half-life (27.7 year) and it remains for many decades (Campbell et al., 1990). This radionuclide would be responsible to the major radioactive compound in the beta contaminated area (Habibi et al., 2015). Also, it is often present in detectable concentrations in soils, foods, water, and biological materials. Because of its similarity to calcium, strontium is found in the bones and teeth of our body. There is a strong irritant effect of oxides, hydroxides and carbonates of strontium on eyes and skin (Kaur et al., 2014, Kaur et al., 2015).
Detection of Sr2+ can be analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Habibi et al., 2015). This is based on ionizing the sample with inductively coupled plasma and then using a mass spectrometer to separate and quantify those ions. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a multi-element analytical technique based on bombarding a sample with neutrons, causing an element to form radioactive isotopes (Landsberger and Kapsimalis, 2013). And thermal ionization mass spectrometers (TIMS) or alternatively multi-collector-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometers (MC-ICP-MS) are the common methods in order to determine the radiogenic ingrowths and variations of Sr2+ (Halicz et al., 2008). However, MC-ICP-MS methods were burdened with the problem of potential fractionation during ion chromatographic Sr2+ separation and the sensitivity for matrix effects during the ICP-MS measurements (Ohno and Hirata, 2007, Albarède et al., 2015). However, these techniques still were suffered from the use of expensive instruments and hazardous sample preparation and eventually, were required highly skilled operators (Qiao et al., 2014, Sun et al., 2014). Driven by need, a novel colorimetric assay has attracted significant attention and are a promising method for specific detection of strontium because of its high selectivity, low cost, rapid response, portability, and low labor requirement.
In this study, we elucidated a novel method for the detection of strontium (Sr2+) by using a Chrysoidine G-based Chemo-Paper-Sensor (CPS). The results of the digitalized information from RGB value by using portable devices such as desktop scanner and mobile phone camera were presented. A hybrid system of strontium-organic dye within a broad dynamic range was achieved without expensive instruments, providing chemosensor methods for designing of colorimetric strontium ion detection.
Section snippets
Chemicals and sampling
4-phenylazo-m-phynylenediamine (Chrysoidine G, CG) and Whatman cellulose chromatography paper were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemicals (MO, USA). Strontium standard solutions were purchased from o2si smart solutions (SC, USA). Arsenic, mercury, cadmium, zinc, and copper standard solutions were purchased from CPI international Co., (CA, USA). All agents were of analytical grade and prepared using high pure water. The environmental sample from stream was collected from KAERI, Jeongeup,
Detection of Sr2+ ions
Fig. 1a shows the changes in color of the CG aqueous solutions upon the addition of different concentrations of Sr2+. A pipette drop (100 μL) of each Sr2+ aqueous standard solution was introduced on the CG aqueous chemosensor, a slightly orange-to-dark orange color transition occurs immediately (<5 s). To study the Sr2+ ion detection properties of complexation with a CG, it was investigated the UV–vis absorption behavior of these complexes in response to Sr2+ ions. Various Sr2+ concentrations
Conclusions
In conclusion, we have successfully demonstrated a Chrysoidine G (CG)-based Chemo-Paper-Sensor (CPS) for detection of strontium. By combining colorimetric probe and paper-based platform, we showed a high performance of CPS with a simplicity and selectivity. Paper-based strips were prepared by drop casting of CG aqueous solution followed by absorbed with cellulose paper which means a very simple and economical method. Furthermore, this CPS exhibited a color change from orange to dark-orange by
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Radiation Fusion Technology Program (2015M2A2A6A02045262(3)) from Nuclear Research R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (MSIP), Republic of Korea.
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2022, Journal of Hazardous MaterialsCitation Excerpt :Although this system can detect Sr2+ sensitively, the electrode manufacture tends to be costly and the modification remains challenging. Based on the color change of Chrysoidine G (CG) upon recognizing Sr2+, the CG-coated Chemo-Paper-Sensor (CPS) can convert the Sr2+ concentration signals into the digitalized information from the RGB value of the color (Kang et al., 2016). Such CPS enables facile detection of Sr2+, but the color variation induced by the complexation of CG with Sr2+ is not so obvious, resulting in low detection accuracy.
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Low-cost and environmentally sensitive fluorescent cellulose paper for naked-eye detection of Fe(III) in aqueous media
2020, Dyes and PigmentsCitation Excerpt :Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide and include a number of hydroxyl groups, which can be used for easily functional group modification in order to improve the chemical and physical properties [30–32]. Due to these reasons, cellulose-based materials have attracted attention as one of the alternatives to the conventional heavy metal sensors [33–39]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other paper on the use of cellulose and filter papers, as the scaffold for the colorimetric and fluorescent detection of Fe (III), there exist no paper on the use of Bodipy based compounds immobilization on cellulose.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.