ReviewPathology of metabolically-related dyslipidemia
Introduction
It is well established that overweight/obesity, characterized by body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2, is closely associated with several health problems such as insulin resistance, hypertension and atherosclerotic-related cardiovascular disease [1]. Among these, dyslipidemia has been identified as most important and the main driving force behind the pathological development of cardio-metabolic disorders. According to the latest published findings, the subtype of dyslipidemia, arising from concerted action of insulin resistance and obesity, has recently been renamed as “metabolic related dyslipidemia”, which is defined as increased serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), accompanied by relatively decreased serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [2]. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clearly elucidated. Herein, in the present review, we summarized the current understanding of metabolic related dyslipidemia and the potential mechanisms by which metabolic related dyslipidemia facilitates the pathological development of obesity and the related cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we also summarized the novel published results which focused on several novel lipid biomarkers in the pathogenesis of metabolic related dyslipidemia, such as pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), microRNAs, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and their potential use as novel biomarkers of metabolic related dyslipidemia.
Section snippets
Role of insulin resistance in modulating the process of metabolic related dyslipidemia
The important function of insulin and insulin resistance on modulating the serum lipid catabolism under the condition of metabolic related dyslipidemia are being well elucidated according to the emerging results. As is reported previously, insulin could significantly inhibit the process of lipolysis within adipose tissue through suppressing the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which is the key enzyme in affecting the intracellular lipid metabolism. As a result, insulin controls the
Traditional bio-markers in metabolic related dyslipidemia
Indeed, different traditional bio-markers have various metabolic effects in modulating the pathophysiological conditions under the condition of metabolic related dyslipidemia. Interestingly, the relationship between diverse traditional bio-markers with dyslipidemia has been considered as the most important topic of current investigations during the past several decades. Special interest has been concerned on their inflammatory modulation aspects.
Novel bio-markers in metabolic related dyslipidemia
Currently, the knowledge of the complex link between metabolic related dyslipidemia and cardio-metabolic disorder risk is being expanded with the exploration of potential mechanisms. In this paragraph, the dyslipidemia-related alterations of several novel discovered modulators of metabolism of lipid profiles, including secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP) 5, C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs), and PCSK9, will be deeply discussed.
Conclusions and future perspectives
Up to date, the pathological progression of metabolic related dyslipidemia has been considered to be closely correlated with multiple cardio-metabolic disturbances and inflammatory response. Under the condition of dyslipidemia, several metabolic related cell types, including hepatocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes, are dysfunctional with aberrant intracellular lipid metabolism; furthermore, the microenvironment of diverse tissues, such as the liver and the adipose tissue, are also changed with
Author contributions
Xin Su, Xiang Chen, and Bin Wang contributed to the study design; Xin Su wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed drafts and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
Funding
Not received.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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