Research PaperNon-destructive and rapid measurement of sugar content in growing cane stalks for breeding programmes using visible-near infrared spectroscopy
Introduction
Variety improvement has played an important role in sugar industries to improve sugarcane quality and especially sugar content in cane stalk. Improvement in cane quality has a high economic impact because it can increase sugar products without increasing costs of harvesting, cane transport or milling. Consequently, many countries consider the sugar content to be an important selection target in sugarcane breeding programmes. Sugar content in cane in Thailand and Australia is indicated by a measurement unit called commercial cane sugar (CCS) (Albertson & Grof, 2004). To obtain the highest profitability, sugarcane should be harvested when it reaches its highest CCS value. Thus, the knowledge of CCS accumulation in each sugarcane variety is important for both farmers and sugar mills alike.
Nowadays there are three conventional methods of CCS measurement in breeding programmes: (a) a labour-intensive extraction method for analysis of juice and residual fibre that requires skill, is time-consuming and needs some chemical substances (Albertson & Grof, 2004); (b) an extracting or shredding method for analysis of juice and residual fibre using a Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometer (Taira, Ueno, Saengprachatanarug, & Kawamitsu, 2013); (c) the genetic correlation method, which determines the correlation between CCS and physiological observations, such as cane yield (Jackson, 2005). Both methods (a) and (b) require the destruction of the cane stalks during laboratory analysis. Method (c) can be measured without destruction; however, its accuracy is yet to be quantified.
Roach (1989) has described three phases of sugarcane improvement in breeding programmes. The first phase focuses on selection and crossbreeding among clones of the main varieties. The second phase focuses on the development of interspecific hybrids, and the third phase is the exploitation of the interspecific hybrids. These three phases, when combined, commonly take more than ten years. Destructive testing cannot be used during the first and second phases because each clone has a specific characteristic representing each new variety. So, the CCS of each clone is only estimated using the relationship between CCS and physiological characteristics, which provides low accuracy. This limitation affects clone selection in both the first and second phases, which reduces the chances of obtaining a good clone. The selected clones in the second phase would be produced to confirm the exact values of CCS accumulation of each variety in the third phase. Thus, the third phase needs a large experimental area that is able to produce a sufficient number of stalks for monthly cane cutting and CCS measurements. Moreover, due to the requirement of a large experimental area, breeders can select only a few clones for studying in the third phase. All of these constraints lead to a costly and time-consuming process that leads to slow improvement in sugar content.
Besides the knowledge of CCS accumulation throughout the cane growth, breeders also need to follow up on the change in the chemical composition of an individual cane stalk when there is a change in plant growth conditions, such as climate, soil composition or rainfall. However, following up on the CCS for an individual cane stalk cannot be done using destructive methods. Accordingly, a method that can measure the CCS directly in an intact cane stalk without destruction is strongly needed for breeding programmes. A precise, non-destructive method would help breeders unlock the above limitations. Moreover, there will be a possibility to conduct experiments to improve sugar content based on a powerful control system (such as breeding programmes with a small trial size and a control system in chambers).
Presently, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is widely used to determine the quality of agricultural products. It is a rapid and non-destructive method that can be applied without any sample preparation (Jamshidi, Minaei, Mohajerani, & Ghassemian, 2012; Schaare & Fraser, 2000; Sunoj, Igathinathane, & Visvanathan, 2016). NIR spectroscopy has also been used to assess the quality of fruit (Nascimento, Carvalho, Júnior, Pereira, & Teixeira, 2016; Saranwong, Sornsrivichai, & Kawano, 2004). In breeding programmes, Bailleres, Davrieux, and Ham-Pichavant (2002) and Yeh et al. (2005) used the NIR analysis as a tool for the rapid screening of some major wood characteristics in eucalyptus and pine, respectively. Their models allowed them to rapidly screen large breeding populations for a variety of phenotypic traits. Similarly, Shiroma-Kian, Tay, Manrique, Giusti, and Rodriguez-Saona (2008) and Ayvaz et al. (2016) employed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to screen potato breeding lines. In the sugar industry, however, such non-destructive methods for variety screening have not been applied. Research has been conducted on using a portable visible-shortwave near-infrared (Vis/SWNIR) instrument to predict pol and fibre content values of cane stalk with promising results (Maraphum et al., 2018; Phuphaphud, Saengprachatanarug, Posom, Maraphum, & Taira, 2019; Taira, Ueno, Saengprachatanarug, et al., 2013). Accordingly, there is a possibility to predict the CCS of growing cane stalk directly in the field, although previous studies have only been carried out in the laboratory.
However, the practicality of using NIR in the field is constrained by the influence of unknown factors on the spectra in the NIR region. According to previous studies, it is well known that NIR spectra can be very sensitive to temperature (Chapanya, Ritthiruangdej, Mueangmontri, Pattamasuwan, & Vanichsriratana, 2019; Thamasopinkul et al., 2017; Xie & Shi, 2013). Wülfert, Kok, and Smilde (1998) found that the isolated molecular features and inter- or intramolecular features, shown from vibrational spectra, were affected by sample temperature. A high sample temperature means that there is a lot of energy stored in a molecule. So, the energy absorption requirement of the molecules in the high temperature sample is less than that of the low temperature sample, despite the same structure and concentration. Many studies recommended that, when using NIR spectra, one should avoid the variation of sample temperature since the weaker hydrogen bonding of water is easily influenced by temperature, which causes changes in model accuracy (Cozzolino et al., 2007; Hageman, Westerhuis, & Smilde, 2005; Wülfert et al., 1998). Nevertheless, it is not easy to maintain samples at a constant temperature for practical use in the field.
In tropical countries, ambient temperatures can vary widely throughout the day. Spectra obtained in the morning may have different characteristics compared to spectra measured in the afternoon. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of field temperature on Vis/SWNIR spectra and the predictive ability of calibration models. Commonly, field temperature can easily affect the sample temperature. Thus, the development of a calibration equation that can compensate for a variety of sample temperatures was examined in this study.
Section snippets
Sample preparation
The cane samples in this study were supplied by the Faculty of Agriculture at Khon Kaen University from the 2018–2019 harvest season. To obtain a robust model to be applied in breeding programmes, three varieties of sugarcane were included in this study. These three varieties consisted of KK3, K88-92 and UT84-12, which are the major commercial cultivars in Thailand. They are very important for breeding in Thailand because, before any new cultivars are released, their important features, such as
Overview of optical measurements of cane stalk and statistical characteristics of sugar content
The second derivative spectra of a cane sample, scanned at different sample temperatures, are presented in Fig. 2. A strong absorption band was observed at approximately 966 nm, related to the O–H stretching mode (Vanoli et al., 2012). A slight shift in peak intensity was observed, which tended to decrease with temperature. This result was similar to that obtained by Kawano, Abe, and Iwamoto (1995), who used a Vis/SWNIR spectrometer to determine Brix value in intact peaches. The effect was
Conclusions
The results of this study demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy could be used as a non-destructive method for in-field CCS prediction of growing cane stalks, which will be a helpful tool for monitoring changes in CCS values of growing cane stalks in breeding programmes. Increases in detector temperature led to shifts in spectra, which tended to increase with temperature. The results of the investigation into the effects of sample temperatures and detector temperatures on the spectral
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Scholarship (PHD/0152/2561) of Thailand Research Fund (TRF), Applied Engineering for the Important Crops of the North East Research Group of Khon Kaen University, and the Northeast Thailand Cane and Sugar Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University for providing sugarcane samples. In addition, the authors wish to thank the Khon Kaen Field Crop Research Centre of Khon Kean, Thailand for
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