Hydrothermal decomposition of glucose and fructose with inorganic and organic potassium salts
Highlights
▸ The effect of inorganic and organic salts on hexose decomposition was studied. ▸ The decomposition rate constants and impact factors of hexoses were calculated. ▸ Anions influence the decomposition of hexose via different mechanisms. ▸ The relationship between impact factor and physical properties was demonstrated.
Introduction
The hydrothermal decomposition of cellulose or its constituent, glucose, to produce platform chemicals, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid is impacted by the presence of inorganic salts. For example, Fe3+, La3+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ are able to catalyze the decomposition of cellulose and glucose, and improve the selectivity for 5-HMF (Bicker et al., 2005, Lu and Lu, 2009, Rasrendra et al., 2010, Seri et al., 2002). A role of sulfate and chloride anions in the formation of humin from glucose has also been reported (Tyrlik et al., 1996). The current study was carried out to investigate the impact of a wider range of anions on the decomposition of glucose and fructose and to elucidate possible mechanisms by which these anions influence their decomposition. Glucose and fructose were selected as model compounds, and the hydrothermal decomposition of these sugars in the presence of 15 types of potassium salts was conducted. The stability of 5-HMF in the presence of these salts was also investigated. The decomposition rate constant and impact factor of the rate constants were also calculated.
Section snippets
Materials
Glucose, fructose, and potassium fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, formate, acetate, oxalate and citrate were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., China. Potassium propionate, trifluoroacetate, benzoate and sorbate were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. LTD, Japan. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) was purchased from Sigma, USA.
Reactor
The batch reactor was made of 316L stainless steel tubing and had a volume of about 13.5 mL. The internal
Results and discussion
Potassium was selected as the cation because pervious work had proven that potassium did not affect the decomposition of glucose and the selectivity for 5-HMF (Lu and Lu, 2009). The loading of salts was conducted to achieve the same potassium molar concentration of 0.04 mol/L in the solution at room temperature.
Conclusions
Chloride, bromide, iodide and nitrate anions do not significantly accelerate the hydrothermal decomposition rate of glucose or improve the selectivity for 5-HMF, but slightly accelerate the rate of fructose decomposition and improve the selectivity for 5-HMF. Phosphate, fluoride, sulfate and all organic acid anions drastically accelerate the decomposition rate of glucose, but lower the selectivity for 5-HMF. Organic acid anions have a greater impact on the decomposition of glucose and fructose
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20976160, 21176218), and Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20090101110134).
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