Archival ReportLarge-Scale Persistent Network Reconfiguration Induced by Ketamine in Anesthetized Monkeys: Relevance to Mood Disorders
Section snippets
Animal Preparation
All experimental procedures in nonhuman primate research in this study were approved by the Institute of Neuroscience Animal Care and Use Committee and by the Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences Biomedical Research Ethics Committee and conformed to the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the humane care and use of laboratory animals.
Nine adult macaque monkeys (3 male and 1 female Macaca fascicularis and 5 male Macaca mulatta) weighing 5.0 to 10.0 kg (7.7 ± 1.8 kg) were prepared
Ketamine-Related Regulations of Small-World Properties
We determined a data-specific small-world regimen at a sparsity range of .1 ≤ S ≤ .3 to construct a simplified graphic network model consisting of brain regions (nodes) and connections (edges drawn between nodes to represent functional connectivity) (Figure 1B). We began by examining the small-world properties of the networks (Figure 1B) and observed that functional networks of both saline and ketamine conditions possessed typical features of small-worldness (i.e., γ > 1 and λ ≈ 1) (
Global Regulation of Small-World Networks
The brain is organized in an economical small-world architecture that supports both functional integration and segregation (36, 41, 44), although this delicate balance in brain networks can be vulnerable to disruption by various pathological processes. Previous studies provide consistent evidence of deviant topological organization of functional brain networks in depressed patients, characterized by decreased path length (Lp and λ) and increased global efficiency (Eglob) (46, 48). Strikingly,
Acknowledgements and Disclosures
This work was supported by the Hundred Talent Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Technology) (ZW), the Chinese 973 Program (Grant No. 2011CBA00400), the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB02030004), and the Outstanding Youth Grant of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (HH).
The authors thank Drs. Mu-ming Poo, Richard Tsien, Anna Roe, and R. Matthew Hutchison for their insightful comments on the manuscript and related
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